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This ftate was the feat of war for several years, during the bloody conteft between Great-Britain and America. Her loffes both of men and property, in proportion to the population and wealth of the ftate, was greater than of any other of the thirteen states. When General Washington was retreating through the Jerfeys, almoft forfaken by all others, her militia were at all times obedient to his orders; and for a confiderable length of time compofed the ftrength of his army. There is hardly a town in the ftate that lay in the progrefs of the British army, that was not rendered fignal by fome enterprize or exploit. At Trenton the enemy received a check which may be faid with justice to have turned the tide of the war. At Princeton, the feat of the mufes, they received another, which, united, obliged them to retire with precipitation, and to take refuge in difgraceful winter quarters. But whatever honour this ftate might derive from the relation, it is not our business to give a particular defcription of battles or fieges; we leave this to the pen of the hiftorian, and only obferve in general, that the many military atchievements performed by the Jersey foldiers, give this state one of the firft ranks among her fifters in a military view, and entitle her to a fhare of praise that bears no proportion to her fize, in the accomplishment of the late glorious revolution.

GOVERNORS of NEW-JERSEY, from the furrender of the Government by the PROPRIETORS in 1702, to the present time.

+ Edward, viscount Cornbury, John, Lord Lovelace,

Lt. Gov. Richard Ingoldfby,
+ Brigadier Robert Hunter,
William Burnet,
John Montgomery,

William Crosby,

1702 to 1708, removed, and fucceeded by 1708 to 1709, died, and the government devolved to

1709 to 1710, when came in

1710 to 1720, who refigned in favour of 1720 to 1727, removed, and fucceeded by 1728 to 1731, died, and was fucceeded by 1731 to 1736, died, and the government devolved to

John Anderfon, Prefident of the Council, 1736, by whofe death, about two weeks after, the government devolved to

John Hamilton, Prefident of the Council, 1736 to 1738.

Thofe marked + were Governors in chief, and down to this time were Governors of New York and New Jersey but from 1738 forward, New Jersey has had a feparate governor.

+ Lewis Morris,

John Hamilton, Prefident,
John Reading, Prefident,
Jonathan Belcher,

John Reading, Prefident,

1738 to 1746, died, and the government

devolved to

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Thomas Pownall, then Governor of Maffachusetts, being Lieutenant-Governor, arrived on the death of Governor Belcher, but continued in the province a few days only.

+ Francis

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OUNDED east, by Delaware river; north, by the

Boundaries. B parallel of 42° north latitude, which divides it from

the ftate of New York; fouth, by the parallel of 39° 43′ 18′′ north latitude, which divides it from the ftates of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia weft, by a meridian line, drawn from the termination of five degrees of longitude, from a point on Delaware river, near Wilmington, in the parallel of 39° 43′ 18′′ to interfect the parallel of 42°. This line divides the ftate from a part of Virginia, the Western Territory, (fo called) and from a tract of land, 20 miles fquare, which was confirmed to Connecticut by Congrefs. The northweft corner of Pennfylvania extends about one mile and an half into Lake Erie, and is about twenty miles weft of the old French fort at Prefque Ifle. The ftate lies in the form of a parallelogram, and contains about 44,900 fquare miles, equal to about 28,800,000 acres.

A

Mines and Minerals.] The following table exhibits the number, fituation, and various kinds of mines and minerals in this state. On the weft fide of the mountains, vitriolic, aluminous, and other mineral earths are found in great abundance. Beds of coal, lying pretty deep, in a horizontal direction, are almoft univerfal in this western country; but metallic ores of all kinds, especially that of iron, appear to be wanting; while they are found in great plenty eastward of the mountains. very probable reafon has been affigned why it fhould be fo. It is this: The country eastward of the mountains, as hereafter mentioned, has evidently been torn to pieces by fome violent convulfion, while that on the other fide has remained undisturbed. During this convulfion, the iron ore was probably thrown up from very great depths, where, by its gravity, it was accumulated, and coal, which lay nearer the furface, was, by the fame convulfion, buried immensely deep.

Civil divifions.] Pennfylvania is divided into twenty counties, which, with their county towns, fituation, &c. are mentioned in, the following

TABLE.

COUNTIES.

County Towns.

Situation.

Settl'd Mines, &c.

Philadel. (City) Philadelphia. On Delaware R.

All

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Berks.

Reading. On Schuylkill R. Coal mines &c.

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York. Cumberland. Carlifle. On Susquehan. R. Lead mines &c. Northumberland. Sunbury. On weft branch S. * Franklin. Chamberftown On Sufquehan. R.

York. On Sufquehan. R.

le

14

Iron ore.

I

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*A very large proportion of the vacant lands in the ftate are in this county, (Northumberland) to the amount of about eight millions of acres.

Rivers.

1

Rivers.] There are fix confiderable rivers, which, with their numerous branches, peninfulate the whole ftate, viz. The Delaware, Schuylkill, Sufquehannah, Yohoganey, Monongahela, and Allegany. We have already given an account of the rife and progress of Delaware river, until it croffes into Pennfylvania (page 245.) From the mouth of Delaware bay, at Cape Henlopen, to Philadelphia, is reckoned one hundred and eighteen miles. So far there is a fufficient depth of water for a feventyfour gun fhip. From Philadelphia to Trenton falls is thirty-five miles. This is the head of floop navigation. The river is navigable for boats that carry eight or nine tons, forty miles further, and for Indian canoes, except feveral fmall falls or portages, one hundred and fifty miles. At Eafton, it receives the Lehigh from the weft, which is navigable thirty miles. The tide fets up as high as Trenton falls, and at Philadelphia rifes generally about fix fect. A north-eaft and eaft wind raises it higher.

On Cape Henlopen * ftands the light-house, with a few other houses. Oppofite the light-house, on the Jersey fhore, twelve miles, is Cape May. Between these Capes is the entrance into the Delaware bay. The entrance into the river is twenty miles further up, at Bombay Hook, where the river is four or five miles wide. From Bombay Hook to Reedy ifland is twenty miles. This ifland is the rendezvous of outward bound fhips in autumn and fpring, waiting for a favourable wind. The course from this to the fea is S. S. E. fo that a N. W. wind, which is the prevailing wind in these seasons, is fair for veffels to put out to fea. This river is generally frozen one or two months in the year fo as to prevent navigation.

From Chefter to Philadelphia, twenty miles, the channel of the river is narrowed by islands of marth, which are generally banked and turned into rich and immenfely valuable meadows.

Billingsport, twelve miles below Philadelphia, was fortified in the late war for the defence of the channel. Oppofite this fort, feveral large frames of timber, headed with iron fpikes, called chevaux de frizes, were funk to prevent the British fhips from paffing. Since the peace, a curious machine has been invented in Philadelphia, to raise them.

The Schuylkill rifes north-west of the Kittatinny mountains, through which it. pafles, into a fine champaign country, and runs, from its fource, upwards of one hundred and twenty miles in a south-east direction, and falls into the Delaware three miles below Philadelphia. It is navigable from above Reading, eighty-five or ninety-miles, to its mouth. There are three floating bridges thrown acrofs it, made of logs faftened together, and lying upon the water.

The Sufquehannah river rifes in lake Otfego, in the ftate of NewYork, and runs in fuch a winding courfe as to cross the boundary line between New York and Pennfylvania three times. It receives Tyoga river, one of its principal branches, in lat. 41° 57', three miles fouth of the boundary line. The Sufquchannah branch is navigable for batteaux to its fource, whence to Mohawks river, is but twenty miles. The Tyoga branch is navigable fifty miles, for batteaux; and its fource is but a few miles from the Chenefiee, which empties into lake Ontario. From

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* Henlopen is a Swedish word, fignifying entering in.'

Tyoga

Tyoga point, the river proceeds fouth-eaft to Wyoming, without any obftruction by falls, and then fouth-weft, over Wyoming falls, till at Sunbury, in about lat. 41° it meets the weft branch of Sufquehannah, which is navigable ninety miles from its mouth, and fome of the branches of it are navigable fifty miles, and are faid to approach very near fome of the boatable branches of the Allegany river. From Sunbury the river is paffable with boats to Louisburgh and Middletown, on Swetara; and with rafts of boards and mafts to Lancaster, but it is attended with difficulty and danger on account of the numerous falls below Middletown. About fifteen miles above Louisburgh, it receives the Juniatta, from the northweft, proceeding from the Allegany mountains, and flowing through a mountainous, broken country. It is navigable, however, eighty miles from its mouth.

The Swetara, which falls into the Susquehannah from the north-east, is navigable fifteen miles. It is in contemplation to cut a canal about twenty miles from the Swetara to the Tulpehoken, a branch of the Schuylkill. Should this be effected, a paffage would be open to Philadelphia from the Juniatta, the Tyoga, and the east and weft branches of the Sufquehannah, which water at leaft 15,000,000 of acres. From this junction, the general course of the river is about fouth-eaft until it falls into the head of Chefapeek bay, juft below Havre-de-Grace.

It is about

a mile wide at its mouth, and is navigable for fea veffels but about twenty miles, on account of its rapids. The banks of this river are very_romantic, particularly where it paffes through the mountains. This paffage has every appearance of having been forced through by the preffure of the water, or of having been burft open by fome convulfion in nature.

The several branches of Yohogany river rife on the weft fide of the Allegany mountains. After running a fhort diftance, they unite and form a large beautiful river, which, in paffing fome of the most western ridges of the mountains, precipitates itself over a level ledge of rocks, lying nearly at right angles to the courfe of the river. Thefe falls, cailed the Ohiopyle falls, are about twenty feet in perpendicular height, and the river is perhaps eighty yards wide. For a confiderable distance below the falls, the water is very rapid, and boils and foams vehemently, occafioning a continual mift to rife from it, even at noon day, and in fair weather. The river at this place runs to the fouth-weft, but prefently winds round to the north-west, and continuing this course for thirty or forty miles, it lofes its name by uniting with the Monongahela, which comes from the fouthward, and contains, perhaps, twice as much water. Thefe united streams, fhortly after their junction, mingle with the waters f-the-Allegany at Pittsburgh, and together form the grand river Ohio. The Monongahela has been particularly defcribed, and fome obfervations made on the navigation of the Allegany, (Page 44.) In addition it may be observed, that at the junction of French Creek (which comes from the north-weft) with the Allegany, are the remains of a British fortification; and about a mile above is a fort, built in 1787, and then guarded by a company of about fixty American foldiers, under the command of Capt. Hart, from Connecticut. The Pennsylvania north line, croffes French Creek about three miles above Le Boeuf, where there was formerly a fort. From Le Boeuf to Prefque-ifle, fourteen or fifteen miles,

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