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them, and the purity of the air in this lofty fituation, aided by a lively imagination, have as great efficacy in curing the patient as the waters.

Gaves, Mountains, &c.] In the township of Shrewsbury, in Monmouth county, on the fide of a branch of Navefink river, is a remarkable cave, in which there are three rooms. The cave is about thirty feet long, and fifteen feet broad. Each of the rooms is arched. The centre of the arch is about five feet from the bottom of the cave; the fides not more than two and an half. The mouth of the cave is fmall; the bottom is a loose fand; and the arch is formed in a foft rock, through the pores of which the moisture is flowly exudated, and falls in drops on the fand below.

On Sandy Hook, about a mile from the light-house, is a monument, which was erected to commemorate a very melancholy event that took place juft at the close of the late war. The following infcription, which is upon a marble plate on one fide of the monument, will afford fufficient information of the matter.

"Here lies the remains of the Honourable Hamilton Douglafs Halliburton, fon of Sholto Charles Earl of Morton, and heir of the ancient family of Halliburton of Pitcurr in Scotland; who perished on this coaft with twelve more young gentlemen, and one common failor, in the fpirited discharge of duty, the 30th or 31ft of December, 1783: Born October the 10th, 1763; a youth who, in contempt of hardship and danger, though poffeffed of an ample fortune, ferved feven years in the British navy with a manly courage. He feemed to be deferving of a better fate. To his dear memory, and that of his unfortunate companions, this monumental stone is erected by his unhappy mother, Katharine, Countess Dowager of Morton.

JAMES CHAMPION, Lieutenant of Marines.
ALEXANDER JOHNSTON,
GEORGE PADDY,

ROBERT HEYWOOD,

CHARLES GASCOIGNE,

ANDREW HAMILTON,

WILLIAM SCOTT,

DAVID REDDIE,

gentlemen Young

Midshipmen.

WILLIAM TOMLINSON,
JOHN MCHAIR,
WILLIAM SPRAY,

ROBERT WOOD.

GEORGE TOWERS, Sailor.

Caft away in pursuit of deferters; all found dead; and buried in this

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Character, Manners, and Customs.] Many circumftances concur to render these various in different parts of the state. The inhabitants are a collection of Low Dutch, Germans, English, Scotch, Irish, and New-Englanders, or their defcendents. National attachment and mutual convenience have generally induced these several kinds of people to fettle together in a body and in this way their peculiar national manners, customs, and character, are still preferved, especially among the lower clafs of people, who have little intercourse with any but thofe of their own nation. Religion, although its tendency is to unite people in those things that are

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effential

effential to happiness, occafions wide differences as to manners, customs, and even character. The Prefbyterian, the Quaker, the Epifcopalian, the Baptift, the German and Low Dutch Calvinist, the Methodist and the Moravian, have each their diftinguishing characteristics, either in their worship, their difcipline, or their drefs. There is ftill another very perceptible characteristical difference, diftinct from either of the others, which arifes from the intercourse of the inhabitants with different states. The people in Weft-Jersey trade to Philadelphia, and of course imitate their fashions, and imbibe their manners. The inhabitants of Eaft-Jersey trade to New-York, and regulate their fashions and manners according to those of New-York. So that the difference in regard to fashions and manners between Eaft and Weft-Jerfey, is nearly as great as between New-York and Philadelphia.-Add to all these the differences common in all countries, arifing from the various occupations of men, fuch as the Civilian, the Divine, the Lawyer, the Phyfician, the Mechanic, the clownish, the decent, and the refpectable Farmer, all of whom have different purfuits, or puffue the fame thing differently, and of course must have a different fet of ideas and manners ;-when we take into view all these differences, (and all these differences exist in New-Jerfey, and many of them in all the other states) it cannot be expected that many general observations will apply. It may, however, in truth be faid, that the people of New-Jersey are generally induftrious, frugal and hofpitable. There are comparatively but few men of learning in the ftate, nor can it be faid that the people in general have a taste for the fciences. The lower clafs, in which may be included three-fifths of the inhabitants of the whole ftate, are ignorant, and are criminally neglectful in the education of their children. There are, however, a number of gentlemen of the first rank in abilities and learning in the civil offices of the state, and in the feveral learned profeffions.

It is not the bufinefs of a geographer to compliment the ladies; nor would we be thought to do it when we fay, that there is at least as great a number of industrious, difcreet, amiable, genteel and handfome women in New-Jersey, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, as in any of the thirteen states. Whether an adequate degree of folid mental improvement, answering to the perfonal and other ufeful qualities we have mentioned, is to be found among the fair of this ftate, is a more weighty concern. Perhaps it may be faid with juftice, that in general, though there is not the fame univerfal taste for knowledge, difcernible among the ladies here, as in fome other of the states, owing in a great measure to the state of fociety, and the means of improvement, there are, however, many fignal inftances of improved talents among them, not furpaffed by those of their fifters in any of the other states.

Religion.] There are, in this ftate, about fifty Prefbyterian congregations, fubject to the care of three Prefbyteries, viz. that of New-York, of New-Brunswick, and Philadelphia. A part of the charge of NewYork and Philadelphia Prefbyteries lies in New-Jerfey, and part in their own refpective states. To fupply thefe congregations, there are at prefent about twenty-five minifters..

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There are upwards of forty congregations of Friends, commonly called Quakers; who are in general fober, plain, induftrious, good citizens. For an account of their religious tenets fee Pennfylvania.

There are thirty affociated congregations of Baptifts, in New-Jersey, whofe religious tenets are fimilar to thofe already mentioned under Connecticut, (page 220.)

The Epifcopalian intereft confifts of twenty-five congregations.

There are, in this flate, two claffes belonging to the Dutch Reformed Synod of New-York and New-Jerfey. The claffis of Hakkenfak, to which belongs thirteen congregations; and the claffis of New Brunswick, to which belong fifteen congregations. We have already given an account of their church government, difcipline, &c, (page 269.)

The Moravians have a flourishing fettlement at Hope, in Suffex county. This fettlement was begun in 1771, and now confifts of upwards of 100 fouls.

The Methodist interest is fmall in this state. The Swedes have a church in Gloucester county and there are three congregations of the Seventh-Day Baptifts. All these religious denominations live together in peace and harmony; and are allowed, by the conftitution of the state, to worship Almighty God agreeably to the dictates of their own confciences; and are not compelled to attend or fupport any worship contrary to their own faith and judgment. All Proteftant inhabitants, of peaceable behaviour, are eligible to the civil offices of the ftate.

Colleges, Academies, and Schools.] There are two colleges in New-Jerfey; one at Princeton, called Naffau Hall, the other at Brunswick, called Queen's College. The College at Princeton was first founded by charter from John Hamilton, Efq; Prefident of the Council, about the year 1738, and enlarged by Governor Belcher in 1747. The charter delegates a power of granting to " the ftudents of faid college, or to any others thought worthy of them, all fuch degrees as are granted in either of our univerfities, or any other college in Great-Britain." It has twenty-three trustees. The governor of the ftate, and the prefident of the college are, ex officiis, two of them. It has an annual income of about .900 currency; of which .200 arifes from funded public fecurities and lands, and the reft from the fees of the students.

The prefident of the college is alfo profeffor of eloquence, criticism, and chronology. The vice-prefident is alfo profeffor of divinity and moral philosophy. There is also a professor of mathematics, and natural philofophy, and two masters of languages. The four claffes in college contain about feventy ftudents. There is a grammar-school, of about thirty scholars, connected with the college, under the fuperintendance of the prefident, and taught by two masters.

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Before the war this college was furnished with a philofophical apparatus, worth £.500, which (except the elegant orrery conftructed by Mr. Rittenhouse) was almost entirely destroyed by the British army in the late war, as was alfo the library, which now confifts of between 2 and 3000 volumes.

The college edifice is handfomely built with ftone, and is 180 feet inlength, 54 in breadth, and 4 stories highs and is divided into forty-two

convenient

convenient chambers for the accommodation of the ftudents, befides a dining hall, chapel room, and a room for the library. Its fituation is exceedingly pleasant and healthful. The view from the college balcony is extenfive and charming.

This college has been under the care of a fucceffion of Prefidents eminent for piety and learning; and has furnished a number of Civilians, Divines, and Phyficians of the first rank in America. It is remarkable, that all the Presidents of this college, except Dr. Witherspoon, who is now Prefident, were removed by death very foon after their election into

office*.

The charter for Queen's college, at Brunfwick, was granted juft before the war, in confequence of an application from a body of the Dutch church. Its funds, raised wholly by free donations, amounted, foon after, its establishment, to four thousand pounds; but they were confiderably diminished by the war. The ftudents are under the care of Prefident Hardenberg. The grammar-fchool, which is connected with the college, confifts of between thirty and forty ftudents, under the care of the truftees. This college has lately increased both in numbers and reputation.

There are a number of flourishing academies in this state. One at Trenton, in which are about eighty students in the different branches. It has a fund of about one hundred and fifty pounds per annum, arifing from the intereft on public fecurities. Another in Hakkenfak, in the county of Bergen, of upwards of an hundred fcholars. Inftruction and board are faid to be cheaper here than in any part of the state. There is another flourishing academy at Orangedale, in the county of Effex, confifting of nearly as many scholars as either of the others, furnished with able inftructors, and good accommodations. Another has lately been opened at Elizabeth town, and confifts of upwards of twenty ftudents in the languages, and is increafing. There is alfo an academy in Burlington, in which young ladies and gentlemen are taught the English language grammatically, geography, and the learned languages. Befides thefe, there are grammar-schools at Newark, Springfield, Morristown, Bordentown, and Amboy. There are no regular eftablishments for common schools in the state. The ufual mode of education is for the inhabitants of a village or neighbourhood to join in affording a temporary fupport for a school-master, upon fuch terms as is mutually agreeable. But the encouragement which thefe occafional teachers meet with, is generally fuch, as that no perfon of abilities adequate to the bufinefs, will undertake it; and of course, little advantage is derived from thefe fchools. The improvement in thefe common fchools is generally in proportion to wages of the teacher.

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Chief Towns.] There are a number of towns in this ftate, nearly of equal fize and importance, and none that has more than two hundred houses, compactly built. TRENTON is the largeft town in New-Jersey. It is fituated on the north-east fide of the river Delaware, oppofite the falls, nearly in the centre of the ftate, from north to fouth, in lat. 40° 15', and about 20' eaft of the meridian of Philadelphia. The river is not navigable above these falls, except for boats, which will carry from five to feven hundred bushels of wheat. This town, with Lamberton, which joins it on the fouth, contains two hundred houses, and about fifteen hundred inhabitants. Here the legislature meets, the fupreme court fits, and the public offices are all kept, except the fecretary's, which is at Burlington. On these accounts, it is confidered as the capital of the state. In the neighbourhood of this pleasant town, are several gentlemen's feats, finely fituated on the banks of the Delaware, and ornamented with tafte and elegance. This town, being a thoroughfare between the eastern parts of the state and Philadelphia, has a confiderable inland trade..

BURLINGTON (City) extends three miles along the Delaware, and one mile back, at right angles, into the county of Burlington, and is twenty miles above Philadelphia by water, and feventeen by land. The ifland, which is the most populous part of the city, is a mile and a quarter in length, and three quarters of a mile in breadth. It has four en, trances over bridges and caufeways, and a quantity of bank meadow adjoining. On the island are one hundred and fixty houses, nine hundred white, and one hundred black inhabitants. But few of the negroes are flaves. The main streets are conveniently fpacious, and mostly ornamented with trees in the fronts of the houses, which are regularly arranged. The Delaware, oppofite the town, is about a mile wide; and, under fhelter of Mittinnicunk and Burlington Iflands, affords a fafe and convenient harbour. It is commodiously fituated for trade, but is too near the opulent city of Philadelphia to admit of any confiderable increase. There are two houses for public worship in the town, one for the Friends or Quakers, who are the most numerous, and one for Epifcopalians. The other public buildings are two market-houfes, a courthouse, and the best gaol in the ftate. Besides thefe, there is an academy, already mentioned, a free fchool, a nail manufactory, and an excellent diftillery, if that can be called excellent, which produces a poifon both of health and morals.

The city is a free port. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen hold a commercial court, when the matter in controverfy is between foreigners and foreigners, or between foreigners and citizens. The island of Burlington was laid out, and the firft fettlements made as early as 1677. In 1682, the island Mittinnicunk, or Free-School island, was given for the ufe of the island of Burlington; the yearly profits arifing from it (which amount to one hundred and eighty pounds) are appropriated for the education of poor children.

PERTH AMBOY (City) took its name from James Drummond, earl of Perth; and Ambo, the Indian word for point, and stands on a neck of land included between Raritan river and Arthur Kull found. Its fitua

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