most of them find employment and fupport. There is no attorney-general, but there is one attorney to the state in each county.

New Inventions.] Early in the war, David Bufhnel, A. M. of Saybrook, invented a machine for fubmarine navigation, altogether different from any thing hitherto devised by the art of man. This machine was fo conftructed as that it could be rowed horizontally, at any given depth, under water, and could be raised or depreffed at pleasure. To this machine, called the American Turtle, was attached a magazine of powder, which was intended to be faftened under the bottom of a fhip with a driving fcrew, in fuch a way as that the fame ftroke which difengaged it from the machine should put the internal clock work in motion. This being done, the ordinary operation of a gun-lock, at the distance of half an hour, or any determinate tiine, would cause the power to explode and leave the effects to the common laws of nature. The fimplicity, yet combination difcovered in the mechanifin of this wonderful machine, have been acknowledged by thofe fkilled in phyfics, and particularly Hydraulics, to be not lefs ingenious than novel. Mr. Bufhnel invented feveral other curious machines for the annoyance of the British fhipping, but from accidents, not militating against the philofophical principles on which their fuccefs depended, they but partially fucceeded. He deftroyed a veffel in the charge of commodore Symmonds. One of his kegs alfo demolished a veffel near the Long-Island fhore. About Chriftmas, 1777, he committed to the Delaware river a number of kegs, deftined to fall among the British fleet at Philadelphia, but this fquadron of kegs, having been feparated and retarded by the ice, demolished but a fingle boat. This catastrophe, however, produced an alarm, unprecedented in its nature and degree; which has been fo happily defcribed by the Hon. Francis Hopkinfon, in a fong, ftiled The Battle of the Kegs +,' that the event it celebrated will not be forgotten fo long as mankind fhall continue to be delighted with works of humour and taftę.

Mr. Hanks, of Litchfield, has invented a method of winding up clocks by means of air aud wind only, which is new and ingenious.

Mr. Culver, of Norwick, has conftructed (whether he was the inventor I know not) a Dock-Drudge, which is a boat for clearing docks and removing bars in rivers; a very ingenious and useful machine. Its good effects have already been experienced in the navigation of the river Thames, the channel of which has been confiderably deepened. This machine will no doubt be productive of very great advantages to navigation throughout the United States.

A machine for drawing wire was invented sometime fince at Norwick, by the Hon. N, Niles, now in Vermont.

The Rev. Jofeph Badger, while a member in Yale College in 1785, conftructed an ingenious planetarium, (without ever having feen one of the kind) which is depofited in the library of that univerfity.

Hiftory.] The prefent territory of Connecticut, at the time of the first arrival of the English, was poffeffed by the Pequot, the Mohegan, Podunk, and many other Imaller tribes of Indians.

+ See Col. Humphrey's life of General Putnam, p. 123.

The

The Pequots were numerous and warlike. Their country extended along the feacoaft from Paukatuk, to Connecticut river. About the year 1630, this powerful tribe extended their conquests over a confiderable part of Connecticut, over all Long-Iland and part of Narragansett. SASSACUS, who was the Grand Monarch of the whole country, was king of this nation. The feat of his dominion was at New-London, the ancient Indian name of which was Pequot.

The Mohegans were a numerous tribe, and their territory extensive. Their ancient claim, which was furveyed and fettled by commiffioners from Queen Ann, in 1705, comprehended all New-London county, except a narrow strip of about eight miles wide, on the fea-coaft, almoft the whole of the county of Windham, and a part of the counties of Tolland and Hartford. UNCUS, diftinguished for his friendship to the English, was the Sachem of his tribe.

The Podunks inhabited Eaft Hartford, and the circumjacent country. The first Sachem of this tribe, of whom the English had any knowledge, was Tatanimoo. He was able to bring into the field more than 200 fighting men.

The first grant of Connecticut was made by the Plymouth council, to the Earl of Warwick, in 1630, and confirmed by his majefty in council the fame year. This grant comprehended all that part of New-England which lies weft from Narragansett river, 120 miles on the fea-coaft from thence, in latitude and breadth aforefaid, to the fouth fea.' The year following, the Earl affigned this grant to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brook, and nine others.

No English fettlements were attempted in Connecticut until the year 1653, when a number of Indian traders, having purchased of Zequaffon and Natawanute, two principal Sachems, a tract of land at the mouth of Little river in Windfor, built a house and fortified it, and ever after maintained their right of foil upon the river.

The fame year, a little before the arrival of the English, a company of Dutch traders came to Hartford, and built a houfe which they called the Hirfe of Good Hope, and erected a small fort, in which they planted two cannon. The remains of this fettlement are ftill vifible on the bank of Connecticut river. This was the only fettlement of the Dutch in Connecticut in those ancient times. The Dutch, and after them the Province of New-York, for a long time, claimed as far east as the western bank of Connecticut river. It belongs to the profeffed hiftorian to prove or difprove the justice of this claim. Douglafs fays, the partition line between New-York and Connecticut, as established December 1, 1664, runs from the mouth of Memoroncok river, (a little weft from Byram river,) N. N. W. and was the ancient easterly limits of New-York, until Nov. 23, 1683, when the line was run nearly the fame as it is now fettled * If Douglafs is right, the New-york claim could not have been well founded.

6

In 1634, Lord Say and Seal, &c. fent over a finall number of men, who built a fort at Saybrook, and held a treaty with the Pequot Indians, who, in a formal manner, gave to the English their right to Connecticut river and the adjacent country.

*Douglass, Sum. Vol. II. p. 161.

In

In 1635, the Plymouth council granted to the Duke of Hamilton, all lands between Narraganfett and Connecticut rivers, and back into the country as far as Maffachusetts fouth line. This covered a part of the Earl of Warwick's patent, and occafioned fome difputes in the colony. There were feveral attempts to revive the Hamilton claim, but were never profecuted.

In Oct. of this year, about fixty perfons from Newton, Dorchester, and Waterton, in Maffachusetts, came and fettled in Hartford, Wetherf field, and Windfor, in Connecticut; and the June following the famous Mr. Hooker, and his company, came and fettled at Hartford, and was a friend and father to the colony to the day of his death.

The first court held in Connecticut was at Hartford, April 26th, 1636.

The year 1637 was diftinguished by the war with the Pequots. This warlike nation had, for fome time, ben troublefome neighbours. They folicited the Nairaganfetts to join them in extirpating the English. They had furprized and killed feveral of the English upon Connecticut river. Thefe threatening appearances and actual hoftilities, induced the three colonies of Maffachufetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, to combine their forces to carry the war into their country, and to attempt the entire deftruction of the whole tribe. Myantonomo, the Narragan fett Sachem, and Uncas, Sachem of the Mohegans, fent to the English and offered their fervice to join with them against the Pequots. Forces were accordingly raised in all the colonies, but thofe of connecticut, on account of their vicinity to the enemy, were first in action. Captain Mafon, with 80 English and 100 Indians from Connecticut river, proceeded by water to the Narragansett's country, where 200 of that tribe joined him. On the 24th of May, they began their march for Saffacus' fort on Pequot, now Thames, river. They afterwards determined first to affault Myftic fort, which was fituated between them and Pequot river. On the morning of the 26th of May the attack was made. The Indians, after a midnight revel, were buried in a deep fleep. At the moment of their approach, the centinel happened to be gone into a wigwam to light his pipe. The barking of a dog gave the alarm. The Indians awoke feized their arrows, and began their hideous yell. They were joined in their tremendous noite by the Indians in the English army, who were in the rear, and afraid to approach. The battle was warm and bloody, and the victory compleat. The fort was taken about 70 wigwams were burnt-50 or 60 of the Indians were killed-many were wounded and taken, and the reft efcaped. Saffacus and his warriors at Pequot, ftruck with terror at the news of this defeat, demolished their principal fort, burnt their wigwams, and fled to the weftward. Capt. Stoughton, with 160 men from Maffachusetts, had by this time arrived at Saybrook. He, with his forces, joined Captain Mafon, and purfued the Indians, and overtook and furrounded them in a great fwamp near Fairfield. A Sachem and ninety-nine women and children came out and delivered themselves up to their purfuers. Terms of peace were offered to the reft. But after a fhort parley they determined, that as they had lived they would die together. There were about eighty who made this refolution. Part of thefe efcaped by means of the darkness of the night. The reft were either killed or taken. In this action the Indians had guns.

which is the first account of their having ufed them. Saffacus fled to the Mohawks, by whom it is reported he was murdered; but it is more probable that he and his company incorporated with them. Many of the Indian captives were unjustifiably sent to Bermudas and fold for flaves The Pequot tribe was wholly extinguilhed. This fuccefsful expedition ftruck the Indians that remained with fuch terror, as reftrained them from open hoftilities for near forty years after.

The English thus obtained the country east of the Dutch fettlements, by right of conqueft. The purfuit of the Indians led to an acquaintance with the lands on the fea-coaft, from Saybrook to Fairfield. It was reported to be a very fine country. This favourable report induced Meffis, Eaton and Hopkins, two very refpectabie London merchants, and Mr. Davenport, a man of diftinguished piety and abilities, with their company, who arrived this year (1637) from London, to think of this part of the country as the place of their fettlement. Their friends in Maffachusetts, forry to part with so valuable a company, diffuaded them from their purpofe. Influenced, however, by the promifing profpects which the country afforded, and flattering themselves that the should be out of the ju ifdiction of a general governor, with which the country was from time to time threatened, they determined to proceed. Accordingly, in March, 1638, with the confent of their friends on Connecticut river, they fettled at New-Haven, and laid the foundation of a flourishing colony, of which Quinnipiak, now New-Haven, was the chief town. The firft public worthip, in this new plantation, was attended on Lord's day, April 18th, 1635, under a large fpreading oak. The Rev. Mr. Davenport preachedfrom Matt, iii. 1. on the temptations of the wilderness. Both colonies, by voluntary compact, formed themfelves into diftinct commonwealths, and remained fo until their union in 1665.

In 1639, the three towns on Connecticut river, already mentioned, finding themselves without the limits of any jurifdiction, formed themselves into a body politic, and agreed upon articles of civil government. Thefe articles were the foundation of Connecticut charter, which was granted in 1662. The fubftance of the articles, fo far as they respect the helding of affemblies, the time and manner of electing magiftrates and other civil officers, (except that in the old confederation no perfon was to be chofen governor more than once in two years) and the extent of legislative powers was transferred into, and established in faid charter.

The first church was gathered in New-Haven this year, and confifted of feven members. These were chofen by the fettlers after Mr. Davenport had preached from the words of Solomon, • Wifdom hath builded her house, the hath hewed out her feven pillars. These men were indeed the pillars of the church, to whom the reft were added as they became qualified. They were, alfo, the court to try all civil actions.

The first fettlers in New-Haven had all things common; all purchases were made in the name and for the ufe of the whole plantation, and the Jands were apportioned out to each family, according to their number and original ttock.

At their first election, in October, 1639, Mr. Theophilus Eaton was choten governor for the first year. Their elections, by agreement, were to be annual; and the Word of God their only rule in conducting the affairs of government in the plantation,

In 1643, the articles of confederation between the four New-England Colonies, mentioned p. 158, were unanimoufly adopted by the colonies of New-Haven and Connecticut.

The English fettlement on Delaware, which was under the jurifdiction of New-Haven, was furprized by the Swedes, and the people put in irons, under a falfe pretence that they were entering into a confpiracy with the Indians to extirpate the Swedes.

The general court of New-Haven, this year, established it as a fundamental article not to be difputed, That none be admitted as free burgeffes but church members, and that none but fuch fhould vote at elections. They alfo ordained, That each town choose from among themselves judges (church members) to be a court, to have cognizance of all civil actions not exceeding twenty pounds; and of criminal caufes, where the punishment was, fitting in the ftocks, whipping, and fining not exceeding five pounds. There was liberty of appeal from this to the court of magiftrates. The court of magiftrates confifted of all the magistrates throughout the colony, who were to meet twice a year, at New-Haven, for the trial of all capital caufes. Six made a quorum.

The general court was to confit of the governor, deputy-governor, magiftrates, and two reprefentatives from each town. The annual election of officers of government was at this time established, and has ever fince continued.

The unfettled ftate of the colony had hitherto prevented their establishing code of laws. To fupply this defect, the general court ordered, That the judicial laws of God as they were delivered to Mofes, and as they are a fence to the moral, being neither typical nor ceremonial, nor having any reference to Canaan, fhall be accounted of moral equity, and generally bind all offenders, and be a rule to all the courts in this jurifdiction in their proceedings against offenders, until they be branched out into particulars hereafter.'

About this time a war broke out between the Mohegan and Narraganfett Indians. A perfonal quarrel between Myantonomo, fachem of the Narragansetts, and Uncas, fachem of the Mohegans, was the foundation of the war. Myantonomo raised an army of 900 warriors, and marched towards the Mohegan country. Uncas by his fpies received timely notice of their approach. His feat of refidence was in fome part of Norwich, He quickly collected 6co of his braveft warriors, and told them, The Narragansetts muft not come into our town, we must meet them.' They accordingly marched about three miles to a large plain, where the two armies met, and halted within bow thot of each other. A parley was propofed by Uncas, and agreed to by Myantonomo. The fachems met, and Uncas addreffed his enemy as follows. You have a great many brave men-fo have I-You and I have quarrelled, but thefe warriors, what have they done? Shall they die to avenge a private quarrell between us? No. Come like a brave man, as you pretend to be, and let us fight. If you kill me, my men shall be yours; if I kill you, your men fhall be mine." Myantonomo replied, My men came to fight, and they fhall fight." Uncas, like an experienced warrior, aware of the refult of the conference from the fuperior force of his enemy, had previously fignified to his hat if Myantonomo refufed to fight him in fingle combat, he would mimediately

men