beating it; after which it is steeped in a solution of nitre, and dried for use. The quantity of this article annually sold, is said to be seven or eight hundred quintals. This tinder may be considered as one of the necessaries of life to the people. Almost every one smokes a pipe, and they all carry a roll of this touch wood with them, in order to light it. It is surprising with what dexterity they manage their pipes; they read, and sleep, and run, and talk, and almost eat with them, swinging from their mouths. A man's quality and standing in society may be pretty accurately ascertained, by the style of his pipe. Some of them are of the finest porcelain, ornamented with miniature representations of castles and landscapes, or with the heads of distinguished men. These paintings are burnt into the porcelain, in the same manner as the figures in the Seve china. The pipes of the German students, are sometimes beautified with the heads of their favourite professors. The students in all colleges, both European and American, are great puffers; but those of Germany seem as if they could not think, except in clouds of smoke. In several parts of Switzerland, we met with a number of these young men in mustaches and pipes, making so much noise, and looking so fierce and wise, as to put me in mind of the lines ridiculed by Swift:

"He roared so loud, and looked so wondrous grim,

His very shadow durst not follow him."

We have noticed but a few fields in which tobacco plants were cultivated: they were by no means so thrifty and luxuriant as those on the plantation of Uncle J., near Baltimore. The demand for this fascinating weed in this neighbourhood, must be far greater than the native supply.

Wednesday, Sept. 2.-Intending

to set off for Paris to-day, we proposed taking a post chaise as far as Metz, the capital of the ancient province of Lorraine; but owing to certain novel regulations, to which we should be forced to submit, we abandoned this mode of conveyance, for the Diligence. Being aware of the vexatious and embarrassing nature of the police office, we applied, at as early an hour as practicable, for our passports, at the Hotel de Ville. This is a large and handsome edifice, parts of which are now undergoing repairs, and receiving new decorations, for the reception of the king. His present majesty, Charles X., seems to be but little respected by the people; and the tour which he is now making, from Paris to Strasburg, though intended as a political manœuvre, to gain popularity, will produce in many minds a directly opposite effect. Triumphal arches are erected, we understand, in all the towns through which he passes; and they are here making splendid preparations for a structure of that sort; but I have heard it sneeringly said, what victory or what battle has Charles X. ever won. But I must throw down my pen, and prepare for my pilgrimage to Paris. I have summoned to my aid all possible patience and courage, to encounter the horrors of the French Diligence, which, by the way, are not quite so shocking as those of the Germany contrivance of the same name.

Paris.

Saturday, Sept. 5.-For three days past we have been rolling in the Diligence, from Strasburg to this place, through a country in which the professed hunter of curiosities would find but very little to detain him. It is a remark repeated by almost every tourist, that the evils of intemperance are seldom or never witnessed in France, or in any country where wine is the common beverage; indeed it has been proposed by some philan

thropists, to introduce the cultivation of the vine into our own beloved country, in order to check the growing distresses produced by that terrible vice. My little experience does not correspond with the statements of any writer, on the subject of temperance in France. When we set off from Strasburg, there were five or six persons on the top of the Diligence absolutely drunk; they were as boisterous and unruly as any set of fellows I have ever seen. In the vicinity of Strasburg, we stopped at a house to take in a gentleman, who had been booked at the stage office. He quickly appeared, with a large bottle of wine in one hand, and a tumbler in the other. Four or five of his boon companions followed him with cups to the carriage, where they all sang and quaffed merrily to his "bon voyage."

At Metz we fell in with the royal party, and had an opportunity not only of witnessing the style in which a king is received by his liege subjects, but of seeing almost the whole of the population, far and near, grouped together. We did not remain long enough to join in the processions, publick games, and religious ceremonies, prescribed for the occasion, but an hour or two was sufficient to convince us that these publick solemnities had nothing in them very animating or picturesque. The cathedral of St. Simon, which we visited, and where high mass was to be performed in presence of his majesty, was quite superbly decorated; but the ragged white handkerchiefs, with fleur de lis stuck upon them, suspended from the windows, and several other awkward and insignificant exhibitions of the publick rejoicings, seemed more like the fetes of an English

cluster,

The grapes of juice divine, Which make the soldier's jovial courage muster,

O blessed be the Rhine.

Such appeared to me the substance of their foolish bacchanal. I could mention a number of other cases of inebriation, which I witnessed in the fauxbourgs of Paris, and elsewhere. Wherever wine is abundant, brandy will soon be common. I have not unfrequently seen females take a glass of pure brandy, with some lumps of white sugar, during breakfast; and with gentlemen, this practice is quite usual.

On the road between Strasburg and Metz, we passed a number of triumphal arches, beneath which Charles X. is shortly to pass. Some of them were very tastefully made of green boughs. We noticed one in particular, crossing the road on the summit of a very high hill, up the steep ascent of which,, all the passengers in the Diligence had to toil on foot, during our first night.

ments in honour of his most Christian majesty. We were right glad to escape from the rabble and rout in commemoration of the visit of Charles X., and the grand dignitaries of state, though we were obliged to enter the Diligencewhere, for a season, we were almost suffocated with the compound essence of garlick, onions, cheese, and tobacco.

From Metz to Paris, there is absolutely nothing in the road that can afford the traveller any interest. The vast difference between a French and an English landscape, is perhaps no where more striking than on this route. The destitution of hedges, or enclosures of any kind, the absence of farm houses, and the disappearance of the inhabitants, give a dreariness to the scene, which quite sinks the spirits. All the population of the country is accumulated in dirty and mean villages. The rural retirement, and sober quiet, of an English or American farm house,

or country seat, are unrelished, if not unknown, in France. The peasant, like the citizen in Paris, must have the bustle and the amusements of society.

We stopped a short time at Chalons, situated on the dull banks of the river Marne. This is a miserable looking town, and is so old, that nobody can tell when it was founded. "In the time of the Emperor Aurelian it was considered one of the principal towns of Belgick Gaul. Two remarkable battles were fought near it-that in which Tetricus was defeated by Aurelian, his competitor for the empire, and that in which Attila and his allies were vanquished and dispersed by the Romans, Burgundians, and Goths, in 451." Here, if it had not been for the horrors of the Diligence, one might have been excited to some enthusiasm by reflecting on "by-gone" days; though scenes of battle and blood, either in ancient or modern times, are no agreeable topicks of contemplation.

Between Chalons and Paris, we passed through a portion of the district of Champagne; and the Diligence stopped at an inn, where we obtained some of the exquisite and famous wine, for which this country is celebrated. The champagne wine does not seem to be produced from any species of grape peculiar to this part of France, but it derives its superiority from the manner in which the vineyards are cultivated, and the skill exercised in expressing and refining the juice. The nature of the soil, no doubt, contributes much to the perfect growth of the grapes. The conductor of the Diligence we noticed purchasing a number of bottles of capital champagne, which he stowed away in some of the inscrutable holes of his moving castle; and he succeeded in eluding the custom house officers stationed at the barriers of Paris, and who searched us before we entered the

metropolis. Thus, after three days of hard labour, by sun and stars, we arrived safely from Strasburg; and I am now once more comfortably lodged in my old apartments, in the Hotel de l'Interieur, Rue Mont Martre. (To be continued.)

MENTAL SCIENCE.

Intellectual Phenomena.

In applying the principle of classification to mental phenomena, it will be our aim to describe the process of examination, pursue some examples of analysis, and state a few important results.

Understanding, has been long used as the name of a mental faculty, and should not be discontinued It means without good reasons. the mind's aptitude to know or apprehend. To avoid circumlocution, we shall use this term as the name of a faculty to which one class of mental operations belongs, although we are aware it is sometimes used as the name of a mental operation itself.

It is now convenient to begin our examination with simple apprehension. We mention this as indicating the essential character, or nature, of all those exercises which form one class, and belong to one faculty. This term is preferred for reasons which will be obvious, in our analysis of intellectual phenomena. Several other terms are used to designate the same operation; as knowing, understanding, cognizance, and some others less appropriate. We are certainly conscious of a mental operation called apprehension. It is a simple, uncompounded and indivisible exercise, which admits of no analysis. We can give no philological definition of the term, because it suggests a simple idea; all that can be done towards a description of the operation intended, is to use its appropriate name, point out its re

lations, and refer men to their own consciousness for the true knowledge of its meaning. If we use a technical description, it is the tak ing hold of any thing, or thought, without comparing, judging or reasoning-one simple mental act. By whatever name it may be called, we use it to indicate the character of a whole class. All the mental exercises of this class are distinguished by this character, whatever may be their relations, objects, modes, or combinations. Operations of this character may vary in all these respects, and be so connected as to form a process of thought, to which a distinct name is given. We give different names to mental exercises of the same nature-from the objects to which they are directed, the relations involved, and the results obtained. But they are all capable of analysis, and reducible to simple apprehension. All this will be evident from the illustrations hereafter to be given.

Some of the operations of the understanding, are consciousness, conception, perception, memory, judgment, reason, and imagination. All these belong to one class, because they possess a common character, although in different relations: they belong to one faculty, because they develop but one capability, or aptitude of the mind. These different operations vary in their objects, strength, clearness, and other circumstances, but not in their na

ture.

What is consciousness? Its technical, or philological import, is the mind's knowledge of its own operations-the mind knowing in, of, with, or by itself. It is a single simple operation; knowing, or apprehending, is its character. It admits of no analysis or more appropriate definition, and the best description is simple apprehension, having for its object the internal mental phenomena. Some have told us that consciousness is a faculty, power, or susceptibility of VOL. IX.-Ch. Adv.

the mind; but its meaning indicates no more than a mental act with its peculiar relation; for if it were a distinct faculty, then the principle, by which it is so denominated, would make every modification of thought or intellection, to denote a distinct faculty. Such a principle of classification, would introduce confusion into the science, and contradict the testimony of common sense. All attempts at classification on such a principle would be useless.

Others have told us that consciousness is a general term, expressing the whole variety of our feelings. But this is more indefinite still, and farther from the truth. Consciousness is neither a variety of feelings, a mode of feeling, nor any feeling at all. It has no such character, but is a knowledge of feelings, as well as other mental acts. If it were merely feeling, or if it consisted of multiplied feelings combined, it could not be our guide in the investigation of mental exercises. And those philosophers, who give it this description, resort to a supposed faculty of discovering resemblances, by which the mind is able to class its own operations. What is this but an inappropriate description of consciousness? It is the apprehending faculty, or understanding, employed with mental acts as its objects. Why suppose a distinct faculty to account for a mental phenomenon, so obviously the same exercise properly denominated consciousness? The truth on this subject recognises an agent or mind, a capacity, and a description of its appropriate exercises relating to different objects. A different mode, and different objects of the same kind of exercises, do not indicate different faculties; but difference in the nature of the exercises necessarily implies a different capacity. We have already intimated that correct philology corresponds with correct mental philosophy. In

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