Psychotraumatology: Key Papers and Core Concepts in Post-Traumatic StressGeorge S. Everly Jr., Jeffrey M. Lating Springer Science & Business Media, 30 בנוב׳ 1994 - 418 עמודים The nosological roots of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be traced back to th~American Psychiatric Association's DSM-I entry of gross stress reaction, as published in 1952. Yet the origins of the current enthusi asm with regard to post-traumatic stress can be traced back to 1980, which marked the emergence of the term post-traumatic stress disorder in the DSM III. This reflected the American Psychiatric Association's acknowledgment of post-traumatic stress as a discrete, phenomenologically unique, and reli able psychopathological entity at a time in American history when such recognition had important social, political, and psychiatric implications. Clearly, prior to DSM-I the lack of a generally accepted terminology did little to augment the disabling effects that psychological traumatization could engender. Nor did the subsequent provision of an official diagnostic label alone render substantial ameliorative qualities. Nevertheless, the post Vietnam DSM-III recognition of PTSD did herald a dramatic increase in research and clinical discovery. The American Red Cross acknowledged the need to establish disaster mental health services, the American Psychological Association urged its members to form disaster mental health networks, and the Veterans Administration established a national study center for PTSD. |
תוכן
Psychotraumatology | 3 |
Psychotraumatology Defined | 4 |
WarRelated PostTraumatic Stress | 5 |
CivilianRelated Post Traumatic Stress | 6 |
PostTraumatic Stress versus PTSD | 7 |
References | 8 |
The Historical Evolution of PTSD Diagnostic Criteria From Freud to DSMIV | 9 |
18951939 | 10 |
Discussion | 207 |
References | 209 |
Twelve Themes and Spiritual Steps A Recovery Program for Survivors of Traumatic Experiences | 211 |
PostTraumatic Consequences within American Society | 212 |
PostTraumatic Recovery in a Traumatized Society | 213 |
Recovery using Religious and Spiritual Modalities | 214 |
Surrender as a Concept for Recovery | 215 |
Surrender and 12Step Programs | 216 |
Traumas as Disequiligbrium | 14 |
A Retrospective Look at the PTSD Diagnostic Criteria | 15 |
References | 25 |
An Integrative TwoFactor Model of PostTraumatic Stress | 27 |
An Integrative TwoFactor Neurocognitive Model | 28 |
PostTraumatic Stress as a Spectrum Disorder | 31 |
Neurological Hypersensitivity | 32 |
Excitatory Toxicity and Neural Dampening | 35 |
Neuroendocrinology and Endocrinology | 36 |
A Neurobiological Model of PTSD | 41 |
PostTraumatic Stress and Disorders of Arousal | 43 |
Summary | 44 |
References | 45 |
Neurobiology of PTSD | 49 |
Psychopharmacological Treatment | 50 |
PTSD as a Multisystem Disorder | 51 |
Behavioral Effects of Uncontrollable Stress | 52 |
Neurochemical Effects of Uncontrollable Stress and the Spectrum of PTSD Symptoms | 53 |
Comment | 63 |
References | 66 |
Victims of Violence | 73 |
Fear and Anxiety | 74 |
Assumptive Worlds | 75 |
Core Assumptions | 76 |
Coping and Inappropriate Reactions | 79 |
Summary and Conclusions | 82 |
Complex PTSD A Syndrome in Survivors of Prolonged and Repeated Trauma | 87 |
Symptomatic Sequelae of Prolonged Victimization | 89 |
Characterological Sequelae of Prolonged Victimization | 92 |
Repetition of Harm Following Prolonged Victimization | 95 |
Conclusions | 96 |
References | 97 |
ASSESSMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS | 101 |
Psychological Assessments of PTSD | 103 |
Fundamental Concepts in Measurement Theory | 104 |
Psychodiagnostic Assessment of PTSD | 106 |
Differential Diagnosis | 115 |
Summary | 122 |
References | 123 |
Psychophysiological Assessment of PTSD | 129 |
Basic concepts of Psychophysiology | 130 |
Origins of the PsychophysiologyPTSD Interface | 131 |
Combat Populations | 132 |
Noncombat Populations | 139 |
Summary | 143 |
References | 144 |
Neuropsychology of PTSD Problems Prospects and Promises | 147 |
PTSD Causes Neuropsychological Impairment | 149 |
PTSD Does Not Cause Neuropsychological Impairment but Neuropsychological Assessment Can Be Helpful | 152 |
PTSD May Coexist with Neuropsychological Impairment | 153 |
Neuropsychological Assessment of PTSD | 154 |
Summary | 155 |
TREATMENT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS | 157 |
The Neurocognitive Therapy of PostTraumatic Stress A Strategic Metatherapeutic Approach | 159 |
Neurocognitive Therapy as a Metatherapy | 161 |
Cognitive Intervention and the Weltanschauung | 164 |
Summary | 168 |
Biological Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of PTSD | 171 |
Historical Perspective | 172 |
Biological Alterations Associated with PTSD | 173 |
Biological Approaches to Diagnosis | 178 |
Clinical Psychopharmacology | 183 |
PTSD and Chemical AbuseDependency | 188 |
Conclusion | 189 |
References | 190 |
Pierre Janets Treatment of PostTraumatic Stress | 195 |
Janets Model for the Treatment of PostTraumatic Stress | 198 |
Stabilization and Symptom Reduction | 199 |
Modification of Traumatic Memories | 201 |
Personality Reintegration and Rehabilitation | 205 |
Twelve Themes and Spiritual Steps for Trauma Victims | 217 |
An Outline for Survivors of Traumatic Events | 218 |
References | 228 |
Brief Therapy of the Stress Response Syndrome | 231 |
Stress Response Syndromes in a Medical Population | 237 |
Psychotherapy of Stress Response Syndromes | 240 |
References | 243 |
PostTraumatic Therapy | 245 |
Techniques of PostTraumatic Therapy | 247 |
Education | 248 |
Promoting Holistic Health | 250 |
Social Integration | 255 |
Psychotherapy | 258 |
Conclusion | 262 |
References | 263 |
THE PREVENTION OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS | 265 |
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing CISD and the Prevention of WorkRelated Traumatic Stress among High Risk Occupational Groups | 267 |
Background | 268 |
The CISD Team | 269 |
CISD Defined | 270 |
PostTrauma Defusing Defined | 275 |
Mechanisms of Action | 276 |
Summary | 278 |
References | 279 |
Debriefing the Debriefers | 281 |
The Effects of the Work on Crisis Interveners | 282 |
Techniques for Dealing with Effects of Crisis Intervention Work | 284 |
Debriefing the Debriefers | 286 |
The Elements of the Debriefing Process | 290 |
The Task of Debriefing | 293 |
Conclusion | 297 |
SPECIAL ISSUES IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS | 299 |
Childhood Traumas An Outline and Overview | 301 |
Four Characteristics Common to Most Cases of Childhood Trauma | 304 |
Features Characteristic of Type I Disorders | 308 |
Features Characteristic of Type II Disorders | 311 |
Crossover Type IType II Traumatic Conditions of Childhood | 316 |
Summary | 318 |
References | 319 |
The Process of Coping with Sexual Trauma | 321 |
The Process of Recovery from Sexual Trauma | 322 |
Affect and Schema Change | 323 |
Reliability in Measuring the Coping Process | 337 |
Conclusion | 338 |
339 | |
Systemic PTSD Family Treatment Experiences and Implications | 341 |
Systemic Traumatic Stress | 342 |
The Role of the Family in the Trauma InductionRecovery Process | 345 |
Treating Systemic PTSD | 347 |
The Empowerment Approach ti Treating Traumatized Families | 351 |
Conclusion | 356 |
Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Treatment of PTSD in Vietnam Veterans | 361 |
Psychodynamic Methods | 362 |
Behavioral Methods | 364 |
Biochemical Applications | 366 |
Some Issues Trends and Directions in Research on the Treatment of PTSD in Vietnam Veterans | 368 |
Evidence for Common Treatment Components | 369 |
Coping in Clinical and Nonclinical Samples | 370 |
Heterogeneity of Subject Samples | 372 |
Summary | 373 |
374 | |
CrossCultural Care for PTSD | 377 |
Training Needs | 379 |
Service Needs | 383 |
Research Needs | 389 |
References | 395 |
About the Editors | 398 |
399 | |
מהדורות אחרות - הצג הכל
מונחים וביטויים נפוצים
abuse adjustment disorder American Journal American Psychiatric Association anxiety arousal assessment behavioral benzodiazepine biological catecholamine chapter chronic CISD clinical clinicians cognitive combat veterans concept coping cortisol crisis criteria debriefing depression diagnostic disaster dissociative DSM-III effects emotional Everly Fairbank family members fear feelings Figley Freud function heart rate hippocampus Horowitz hypersensitivity increased individual integration intervention intrusive Janet Journal of Psychiatry Journal of Traumatic Keane Kolb Kolk Krystal locus coeruleus Medical mental health multiple personality disorder neurological neuropsychological neurosis norepinephrine Ochberg panic panic disorder personality disorder phenelzine physiological Pierre Janet Plenum post-traumatic stress disorder psycho psychological trauma psychologists psychophysiological psychotherapy Psychotraumatology PTSD PTSD patients PTSD symptoms rape receptor sexual social specific stimuli Stress response syndromes stressor survivors therapeutic therapist therapy tion traumatic traumatic event traumatic memories traumatic stress two-factor veterans with PTSD victims of violence Vietnam veterans Westermeyer York