Bacon.

FURNACES, in chemistry, are instruments of most universal use; and, as the success of a great number of experiments depends upon their being well or ill constructed, it is of great importance that a laboratory be well provided in this respect. In all furnaces the principal things to be attended to, are, to confine the heat as much as possible to the matter to be operated upon; and to produce as much heat with as little fuel as possible. To answer the first intention, the fire is usually confined in a chamber or cavity built on purpose for it, and furnished with a door for putting in the fuel, and a grate for supporting it, and allow ing air to pass through, as well as the ashes to drop down into a cavity provided on purpose, and called the ash-pit. Thus the heat, produced by the inflamed fuel, is confined by the sides of the furnace, and obliged to spend great part of its force upon the subject enclosed. The second intention, which is the most important, is at the same time the most difficult to answer, and depends entirely upon the proportion between the spaces betwixt the furnace bars and the wideness and height of the chimney. This will appear from a consideration of the principles on which the degrees of inflammation are produced. These depend entirely on the current of air which passes through the inflamed fuel. As soon as the fuel is set on fire, a certain degree of heat is produced; but, unless a constant influx of air is admitted through the burning fuel, the fire is instantly extinguished; nor is it possible by any means to renew the inflammation until we admit a stream of fresh air amongst the fuel. When this is done, a rarefaction commences in the air of the fire-place of the furnace; so that it is no longer a counterpoise to the external air, and is, therefore, driven up the chimney by that which enters at the ash-pit. This again, passing through the fuel, is rarefied in its turn; and, giving place to fresh quantities, there is a constant flow of air up the chimney. In proportion to the rarefaction of the air in the fire-place, the greater is the heat. But, by a certain construction of the furnace, the under part of the chimney will become almost as strongly heated as the fireplace; by which means, though a very strong current of air is forced through the fuel, yet as great part of the heat is spent on the chimney, where it can be of no use, the fuel is wasted in a very considerable degree. To avoid this, we have no other method than to contract the throat of the chimney occasionally by a sliding plate; which, when put quite in, shuts up the whole vent; and, by being drawn out more or less, leaves a larger or smaller vent at pleasure. This plate ought to be quite drawn out till the fuel is thoroughly kindled, and the furnace well heated, so that a current of air may flow strongly through the fuel. After this, the plate is to be put in a certain length, so as just to prevent the smoke

rarefaction of the air in the fire-place will elicit keep the fuel inflamed to a great degree; at the a very considerable draught of air, which wil same time that the heat, being reflected from every part of the furnace excepting that narrow passage where the smoke goes up, becomes very intense. A large quantity of fuel may be put in at once, which will consume slowly, and thus require but little attention, in comparison with those furnaces where no such precaution is used. This sliding plate may be made of cast iron in those furnaces where no great heat is excited; but in others fire-clay will be more convenient. The contrivance, however, is scarcely applicable to those furnaces where great quantities of metal are to be melted; and, accordingly, the waste of fuel there is immense. It is computed that the iron-works of Carron, in Stirlingshire, consume annually as many coals as would be sufficient for a city containing 700,000 inhabitants. In order to regulate the heat, says Dr. Black, it is necessary to have the command of the furnace below; the parts above being frequently filled with small quantities of soot. The best method of managing this is to shut up the door of the ash-hole perfectly close, and to have a set of round holes, bearing a certain proportion to one another; and their areas being as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, &c. Seven or eight of these ought to be made in the door of the ash-pit, which will give a sufficient command over the fire. When the fire is to be increased to the utmost, all the passages both above and below are to be thrown open, and the height of the vent augmented; which, by increasing the height of the column of rarefied air, increases also the motion of that through the fuel, and of consequence also the heat of the furnace. Macquer recommends another tube applied to the ash-pit, widest at the end farthest from the furnace, and tapering gradually towards it. The intention of this is to augment the current and velocity of the air, by its being made to pass from a wider into a narrower vent; but, though this is no doubt true, the air will not altimately move with greater velocity than if the tube were not there. It can only be useful, therefore, in cases where the furnace is placed in a small room, and the tube itself has a communication with the external air. See CHEMISTEY and LABORATORY.

FURNEAUX (Philip), D. D., an able nonconformist divine of the eighteenth century, was born in 1726, at Totnes in Devonshire. Being designed for the ministry, he was sent to London for his academical studies; and, on becoming a preacher, was chosen assistant to Mr. Henry Read, pastor of a presbyterian congregation in St. Thomas's, Southwark. He afterwards became one of the Sunday evening lecturers at Salters' Hall. In 1753 he succeeded the Rev. Moses Lowman, as pastor of the congregation of Clapham. Dr. Furneaux continued a popular preacher for upwards of twenty-three years, but was attacked, in 1777, by a malady which ended in mental derangement, from which he never recovered. He died in 1783. His principal works are-Letters to the honorable Mr. Justice Blackstone, concerning his Exposition of the Act of

Toleration, and some Positions relating to Religious Liberty, in his celebrated Commentaries on the Laws of England; and Essays on Toleration, 8vo., 1788.

FURNEAUX, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, first discovered by Bougainville, and afterwards by captain Cook. It is surrounded by a coral bank, and produces cocoa-nut trees. A large lagoon of sea water occupies the interior. Long. 143° 10′ W., lat. 17° 11' S.

FURNEAUX ISLANDS is a cluster of islands, of unknown number, in Bass Strait, between Van Diemen's Land and New Holland. The principal are-Great Island, upwards of forty miles in length, Cape Barren Island, Clarke's, and Preservation Island. The lower parts of them are sandy and swampy; but the basis of most of them is a white granite. All are overrun with brushwood, and have a few stunted trees, which never exceed the height of twelve feet. Vegetables in general are scanty; and, as if the soil itself were unfit for vegetation, in a certain spot of Preservation Island the trees have undergone a petrifaction towards the roots. Two species of seals are found here, and invite the temporary abode of those engaged in the fishery, otherwise these islands are uninhabited. Here are also the kangaroo, wombat, duck-billed ant-eater, and snakes of different species with venomous fangs. The sheer water, or sooty peterel, appears in innumerable flocks, and burrows in the ground. As well as the navigation being here very difficult, the water is bad. Furneaux Islands were first visited by Bass and Flinders, in 1798.

FURNES, a town of West Flanders, near the sea, on a canal which extends from Bruges to Dunkirk. It is a neat town, and has an elegant town-house. It was taken by the French in May 1793, and soon after evacuated; but was again taken by general Pichegru in May 1794. The air, once unhealthy on account of the neighbourhood of marshes, is much improved since they were drained. It has a brisk trade in corn, hops, butter, and cheese. Population 3200. Fifteen miles south-west of Ostend, and twenty N.N. W. of Ypres.

FURNISH, v. a. Fr. fournir; It. fournir. FURNISHER, n. s.To supply with what is FURNITURE, n. s. necessary to a certain purpose. Furniture is generally that which is supplied; but now the specific term for goods in a house whether for use or oruament; a furnisher is the agent who grants or procures supplies. Upon a day as on their way they went, It chaunst some furniture about her steed To be disordered by some accident.

Spenser. Faerie Qeeene.
Young Clarion, with vauntful lustyhed,
After his guise did cast abroad to fare,
And thereto 'gan his furnitures prepare.

Spenser.

The duke is coming: see the barge be ready,
And fit it with such furniture as suits
The greatness of his person.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII.
She hath directed

How I shall take her from her father's house; What gold and jewels she is furnished with. Shakspeare.

His training such,

That he may furnish and instruct great teachers,
And never seek for aid out of himself.
Id.
Will your lordship lend me a thousand pounds to
furnish me?
Id. Henry IV.

Something deeper,
Whereof perchance these are but furnishings.

Shakspeare.

Plato entertained some of his friends at dinner, and had in the chamber a bed or couch, neatly and costly furnished. Diogenes came in, and got up upon the bed, and trampled it, saying, I trample upon the pride of Plato. Plato mildly answered, but with greater pride, Diogenes. Bacon's Apophthegms.

First thou madest the great house of the world, and furnishedst it: then thou broughtest in thy tenant to possess it. Bp. Hall. By a general conflagration mankind shall be destroyed, with the form and all the furniture of the earth.

Tillotson.

enough, or the horse's furniture must be of very senThe ground must be of a mixt brown, and large Dryden.

sible colours.

'I shall not need to heap up instances; every one's reading and conversation will sufficiently furnish him, if he wants to be better stored.

Locke.

The wounded arm would furnish all their rooms, And bleed for ever scarlet in the looms. Halifax.

No man can transport his large retinue, his sumptuous fare, and his rich furniture into another world. South.

It is not the state, but a compact among private persons that hath furnished out these several remittan

ces.

Addison.

That some I really think, do never die;

Of any creditors the worst a Jew is,
And that's their mode of furnishing supply;
In my young days they lent me cash that way,
Which I found very troublesome to pay. Id.

FURROW, n. s. & v. a. Sax. Fuɲh, Fуɲian; Dan. furc; Belg. voore. Any long trench or hollow; particularly a small trench made by the plough for the reception of seed. The verb signifies to cut in furrows; to divide in long hollows; to make by cutting.

But eft when ye count you freed from feare, Comes the breme Winter with chamfred browes, Full of wrinkles and frosty furrowes, Drerily shooting his stormie darte, Which curdles the bloud and pricks the harte. Spenser. The Shepheard's Calendar. With greedy force each other doth assayle,;; And strike so fiercely that they do impresse Depe dinted furrowes in the battred mayle. Id. Faerie Queene. There go the ships that furrow out their way; Yea, there of whales enormous sights we see.

While the ploughman near at hand, Whistles o'er the furrowed land.

Wotton.

0.4.

Milton.

Two such I saw, what time the labored ox, In his loose traces from the furrow came, And the swinkt hedger at his supper sat.

Id. Comus.

My lord it is, though time has ploughed that face With many furrows since I saw it first; Yet I'm too well acquainted with the ground quite to forget it. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield;

Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their teams afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke. Gray's Elegy. FURROW-WEED, N. s. Furrow and weed. A weed that grows in furrowed land. Crowned with rank fumiter, and furrow-weeds. Shakspeare. FURRUCKABAD, a district of the province of Agra, Hindostan, between the rivers Ganges and Jumna, or between the twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth degrees of northern latitude. It formerly belonged to Canouge; but, in the early part of the last century, was assigned to an Afghan chief named Mohammed Khan Bungush, whose descendants became independent, and were frequently engaged in war with the nabobs of Oude; but at length became tributary to that power. The British, in the year 1801, took the nabob of Furruckabad under their protection; when the state of the country was found very wretched. He shortly after agreed to make it over, with all the civil and military jurisdiction, for an annual pension of 180,000 rupees. Since that period it has improved; and is managed by a judge, collector, &c., subject to the circuit court of Bareilly.

It

FURRUCKABAD, a fortified town of Hindostan, capital of the above district, is situated about a mile from the western bank of the Ganges, and contains a small citadel and the former palace of the nabob. To preserve his dignity, the British authorities reside in the suburbs. carries on an advantageous trade with Cashmeer. The inhabitants are Hindoos and Mahommedans in nearly equal proportions. They are said to be handsome and brave, but not of very exemplary character. Under the walls of this place lord Lake, in 1804, after several days' pursuit, came up with and totally defeated the Mahratta chief Holkar.

FURSTENBERG, or FURSTENBURG, a late principality of Suabia, which was partitioned among different powers by the treaty of the Con

dence at Donau Eschingen. The town of Furstenberg is an insignificant place, fourteen mies N. N. W. of Schaffhausen, and remarkable for nothing but a ruined castle, the original seat of this family.

Here

FURSTENBERG is also the name of other towns of Germany, viz. 1. In Lusatia on the Oder, taken by the Prussians in 1745, thirteen miles south of Frankfort; 2. One in the duchy of Mecklenburg, on the Havel, ten miles south-east of Strelitz, containing about 1800 inhabitants; 3. Another in the county of Waldeck, ten miles west of Waldeck.

FURSTENWALD, a well built town of the Middle Mark of Brandenburgh, on the Spree. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs; and is a place of some antiquity, having been taken in 1631 by the Swedes. In 1633 it was burned by the imperialists. Population 2350. Twenty-six miles east of Berlin, and twenty west of Frankfort on the Oder.

FURTADO (Abraham), a modern French Jew of some celebrity, was born in 1759, and became one of the leading members of the Parisian Sanhedrim convoked by Buonaparte. He is said to have possessed considerable eloquence, and

was the author of a Poetical Version of the Book of Job; Political Harmonics, 4 vols. ; a Translation of Lucretius, &c.

FURTH, a considerable manufacturing town of Franconia, subject to Bavaria, four miles west of Nuremberg. It is situated near the junction of the Rednitz and Pegnitz. It is entirely indebted for its increase to the liberality of its civil management. Artisans who are unable to obtain admission at Nuremberg settle without difficulty here: glass of all kinds, but in particular large mirrors, are made. There is also a number of watch-makers, gold-beaters, joiners, saddlers, stocking-weavers, &c.; and the total population amounts to nearly 13,000; of which the Jews form 2700: they have a separate spiritual and temporal jurisdiction; their judge being a rabbi, from whom there is an appeal to the other magistrates.

FURTHER, adj. & adv. From forth, not FURTHERMORE, adv. from far, as is comFURTHEST, adj. Smonly imagined; forth, further, furthest, corrupted from forthet, forthest; Sax. fonden. Forther is used by Sir Thomas More. See FORTH and FARTHER. It signifies at a greater distance; beyond this: and it has, in some sort, the force of a substantive in the phrase no further for nothing further.

And the angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a narrow place. Numb, xxii. 2. Than furthermore I went as I wos lad: And there I sawe withouten any faile A chaice yset with ful riche aparaile.

Chaucer. The Assemblie of Ladies. And, furthermore, understond wel, that thise Conquerours or tyrantes maker, ful oft thralles Of hem that ben borne of as royal blood as ben They that hem conqueren. Id. The Persones Tale. Upon that famous river's further shore, There stood a snowie swan of heavenly hiew And gentle kinde, as ever fowle afore A fairer one in all the goodly criew:

Of white Strimonian brood might no man view.

There he most sweetly sung the prophecie
Of his owne death in doleful elegie.

Spenser. The Ruines of Time.
They bring them wines of Greece and Araby,
And daintie spices fetch from furthest Ynd.
Id. Faerie Queene.
This ring I do accept most thankfully,
And so, I pray you tell him: furthermore,
I pray you, shew my youth old Shylock's house.
Shakspeare.
Satan had journied on, pensive and slow:
But further way found none, so thick entwined,
As one continued brake, the undergrowth
Of shrubs and tangling bushes had perplexed
All path of man or beast that passed that way.

Thy doubt, since human reach no further knows. Iả. Sin is never at a stay; if we do not retreat from ✯, we shall advance in it; and the further on we go, the inore we have to come back. Barrow.

I am commanded to inform Your further trial is postponed.

that
you
Byron. The Two Foscari.

FURTHER, V. a.
FURTHERANCE, n. s.
FUR THERER, n. s.
promote; to countenance; to assist; to help.
It were, quod he, to thee no gret honour
For to be false, ne for to be traytour
To me that am thy cosin and thy brother
Yswome ful depe, and eche of us to other,
That never (for to dien in the peine!)
Til that the deth departen shal us tweine,
Neyther of us in love to hindre other,
But that thou shouldest trewely forther me
In every cas, as I shuld forther thee.

From the adverb; Sax. Foɲonian. To put onward; to forward; to

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. This gracelesse man, for furtherance of his guile Did court the handmayd of my lady deare, Who, glad t'embosome his affection vile, Did all she might more pleasing to appeare.

Spenser. Faerie Queene. That earnest favourer and furtherer of God's true religion, that faithful servitor to his prince and country. A scham. Things thus set in order, in quiet and rest, Shall further thy harvest, and pleasure thee best. Tusser.

Could their fond superstition have furthered so great attempts, without the mixture of a true persuasion conerning the irresistible force of divine power.

Hooker.

Our diligence must search out all helps and furtherances of direction, which scriptures, councils, fathers, histories, the laws and practices of all churches afford. Id.

Cannot my body, nor blood-sacrifice, Intreat you to your wonted furtherance? Shakspeare. Henry VI. If men were minded to live righteously, to believe a God would be no hindrance or prejudice to any such design, but very much for the advancement and furTillotson. therance of it.

FURTIVE, adj. Fr. furtive; Lat. furtivus. Stolen; gotten by theft.

Or do they, as your schemes, I think, have shown, Dart furtive beams and glory not their own, All servants to that source of light, the sun? Prior. FU'RUNCLE, n. s. Fr. furoncle; Lat. furunculus. A bile; an angry pustule.

A furuncle is in its beginning round, hard, and inflamed; and, as it increaseth, it riseth up with an acute head, and sometimes a pustule; and then it is more inflamed and painful, when it arrives at its state, which is about the eighth or ninth day. Wiseman.

FU'RY, n. s. FURIOUS, adj. FURIOUSLY, adv. FU'RIOUSNESS, n. s. enthusiasm; exaltation

Fr. fureur; Lat. furor. Madness; rage; passion of anger; tumult of mind, approaching to madness: of fancy: also, from Lat.

furia, one of the deities of vengeance, and thence
a stormy, turbulent, violent, raging woman.
But at the feste redy ben, rivis,

The Furis three, with all her mortale bronde.
Chaucer. Legende of Good Women.
Much was Cambello daunted with his blowes;
So thicke they fell, and forcibly were sent,
That he was first from daunger of the throwers
Backe to retire, and somewhat to relent,
Till th' heat of his fierce fury he had spent.
Spenser. Faerie Queene.

A mighty speare eftsoones at him he bent;
Who, seeing him come on so furiously,
Met him mid-way with equall hardiment,
That forcibly to ground they both together went.

Id.

And when to reap the grain, and when to sow,
Or when to sell the furzes.
Dryden's Virgil.
Wide through the furzy field their rout they take,
Their bleeding bosoms force the thorny brake. Gay.
FUSAROLE, in architecture, a moulding or
ornament placed immediately under the echi-
nus, in the Doric, Ionic, and Composite ca-
pitals.

FUSE, v. a., v. n., & n. s.~
FU'SIBLE, adj.
FUSIBILITY, n. s.
FU'SIL, adj.
FU'SION, n. s.

Lat. fundo, fusum, fusio. To melt; to put into fusion; to liquefy by heat: capable of being melted; of being made liquid by heat; capacity of being melted: liquefiable; running by the force of heat. The substantive is the name of that part of a bomb, or grenado-shell, which makes the whole powder, or composition, in the shell take fire. It is usually a wooden pipe, or tap, filled with wildfire, or some such matter; and is intended to burn no longer than is the time of the motion of the bomb from the mouth of the mortar to the place where it is to fall, which time Anderson makes twenty-seven seconds.-Harris. Fusion is the act of melting, or the state of being melted, or running with

heat.

Yet forgate I to make rehersaile
Gf waters corrosif, and of limaile;
And of bodies molification,

And also of hir induration;

Oils, ablusions, metal fusible

To tellen all wold passen any bible
That o wher is.

Chaucer. The Chanones Yemannes Tale.
The liquid ore he drained
Into fit molds prepared; from which he formed
First his own tools: then, what might else be wrought
Fusile, or graven in metal. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Colours afforded by metalline bodies, either colli-
quate with, or otherwise penetrate into other bodies,
especially fusible ones.
Boyle.

The bodies of most use, that are sought for out of the depths of the earth, are the metals which are distinguished from other bodies by their weight, fusibility,

and malleableness.

Locke. Metals in fusion do not flame for want of a copious fume, except spelter, which fumes copiously, and thereby flames. Newton's Opticks.

Perpetual flames, O'er sand and ashes, and the stubborn fiint, Prevailing, turn into a fusil sea. Philips. FUSEE,' n. s. Fr. fuseau. The cone round which is wound the cord, or chain, of a clock or watch: a firelock, or small neat musket. Track

of a buck.

The reason of the motion of the balance is by the motion of the next wheel, and that by the motion of the next, and that by the motion of the fusee, and that by the motion of the spring: the whole frame of the watch carries a reasonableness in it, the passive impression of the intellectual idea that was in the artist.

Hale.

FUSEE. See WATCH-MAKING.

FUSELI, or FUESELI (Henry), a distinguished modern painter and author, was born at Zurich in 1739. His father was anxious to educate him for the church, but some prints, copies from the works of Michael Angelo, with whose peculiar merits and style he became especially struck, decided young Fuseli for the life of an artist. He was placed, however, at the Humanity Cullege, and there contracted a friendship with Lavater, which terminated only with the life of the latter. At this period the two friends exhibited united zeal and ability in bringing to justice a leading magistrate in one of the bailiwics of Zurich, who had committed an act of great oppression; and a pamphlet appearing from them on the subject compelled the authorities to take the matter up, and the culprit absconded. Fuseli, after taking his degree of M. A., in the college, now accompanied his friend to Vienna and Berlin, in which latter capital they both prosecuted their studies under the learned Sulzer. Fuseli here also obtained an intimate acquaintance with the English language, and was induced by our ambassador at that court, Sir Robert Smith, to visit this country. He arrived in London in 1762, and, obtaining the situation of tutor to a nobleman's son, accompanied him to Paris. On his return he published Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks; and soon after an Essay in defence of Rousseau, against Voltaire. His early drawings being about this time shown to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the encouragement bestowed on him by that artist decided young Fuseli's fate, when he was finally vacillating between the palette and the pulpit. His first picture was Joseph interpreting the Dreams of the chief Baker and Butler, which was purchased by the late Mr. Johnson, of St. Paul's Church Yard. In 1770 Mr. Fuseli visited Italy in company with a friend, and while in that country transmitted to England several pictures, especially two from the works of Shakspeare, The Death of Beaufort, and a Scene from Macbeth. In 1778 he left Italy, and after paying a short visit to Zurich returned to England, where he suggested to the late alderman Boydell the idea of forming his Shakspeare Gallery, and supplied him with eight pictures. In 1790 he became a Royal Academician, and, in the course of the next nine years, painted a wards exhibited as the Milton Gallery. He sucseries of forty-seven pictures from Milton, afterceeded Mr. Barry, in 1799, as professor of painting to the Royal Academy; and, in 1804, Mr. Wilson as keeper to that association. In 1805 he published an improved edition of Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters, and in 1817 received the diploma of the first class of the Fuseli contiAcademy of St. Luke at Rome. nued to practise his art till within a week of his death, which took place at Putney Hill, while he was on a visit to the countess of Guildford.

FUSES OF BOMBS OR GRENADOES are chiefly made of very dry beech-wood, and sometimes of hornbeam, taken near the root. They are turned rough, and bored; and then kept for several years in a dry place: the diameter of the hole is about one-fourth of an inch; the hole does not come quite through, leaving about one