had for their commander Arsamenes, son of Darius: Sirometris the son of Eobazus conducted the Paricanii.

LXIX. The Arabians wore large folding vests, which they call zira: their bows were long, flexible, and crooked. The Ethiopians were clad in skins of panthers and lions: their bows were of palm, and not less than four cubits long. Their arrows were short, and made of reeds, instead of iron they were pointed with a stone which they use to cut their seals. They had also spears armed with the horns of goats, shaped like the iron of a lance; and beside these, knotty clubs. It is the custom of this people, when they advance to combat, to daub one half of their body with gypsum, the other with vermilion. Arsanes son of Darius by Artystone a daughter of Cyrus, commanded the Arabians and the Ethiopians who came from beyond Egypt. Of all his wives, Darius loved Artystone the most, and he constructed a golden statue in her honour.

LXX. Those Ethiopians who came from the more eastern parts of their country (for there were two distinct bodies in this expedition) served with the Indians. These differed from the former in nothing but their language and their hair. The Oriental Æthiopians have their hair straight, those of Africa have their hair more crisp and

curling

The armour of

curling than any other men. the Asiatic Æthiopians resembled that of the Indians, but on their heads they wore the skins of horses heads, on which the manes and ears were left. The manes served as the plumes, and the ears remained stiff and erect. Instead of shields they held out before them the skins of

cranes.

LXXI. The Lybians were dressed in skins, and had the points of their spears hardened in the fire*. They were conducted by Massages, son of Oarizus.

LXXII. The Paphlagonians wore helmets made of net-work; they had small spears and bucklers, beside javelins and daggers. Agreeably

to

61 Horses heads.]-These helmets were, according to the description of Cæsar in his Commentaries, very common among the ancient Germans.-T.

*See Statius, Theb, iv. c. 4.

Pars robora flammis

Indurata diu.

And Q. Curtius, iii. 2.

Invecta bello manus, fundis, credo et hastes igne duratis repelientur.--Virgil, Æn. vii. 523.

Non jam certamine agresti

Stipitibus duris agiter sudibusq; præustis.

The savages of America use the same process for their spears at this day.-T.

to the fashion of their country, they had buskins which reached to the middle of the leg. The Ligyes, Matieni*, Maryandeni, and Syrians, were habited like the Paphlagonians. These Syrians are by the Persians called Cappadocians. The general of the Paphlagonians and Matieni was Dotus, son of Megasidras. The Maryandeni, Ligyes, and Syrians, were led by Bryas, son of Darius and Artystone.

very

LXXIII. The armour of the Phrygians differed little from that of the Paphlagonians. According to the Macedonians, the Phrygians, as long as they were their neighbours, and lived in Europe, were called Bryges; on passing over into Asia they took the name of Phrygians. The Armenians are a colony of the Phrygians, and were armed like them. Artochmes, who had married a daughter of Darius, commanded both nations.

LXXIV. The Lydians were equipped very like the Greeks. They were once called Meo

nians;

*These Matieni must have belonged to the Matiene of Cappadocia.

62

Phrygians.]-Arrian tells us that the Phrygians were reported to be the oldest of mankind, λέγονται Φρυγες παλαιοτατοι arbgwwwv. Cited by Eust. in Com. in Dion. p. 809. The reader will remember that this was disputed with them by the Egyptians, but given up after the expedient used by Psammetichus.-T.

nians; but they changed their ancient name, and took that of Lydus, the son of Atys. The Nysians wore the helmets of their country, had small shields, and javelins hardened in the fire. They are a colony of the Lydians, and named Olympians, from mount Olympus. These two nations were conducted by Artaphernes, son of that Artaphernes who in conjunction with Datis had invaded Marathon.

LXXV. The Thracians wore on their heads skins of foxes; the other part of their dress consisted of a tunic, below which was a large and folding robe of various colours: they had also buskins made of the skins of fawns, and were armed with javelins, small bucklers, and daggers. They were, as themselves relate, formerly called Strymonians, from inhabiting the banks of the Strymon; but passing over into Asia, were named Bithynians. They say they were expelled

63 Meonians.]-Bochart deduces this name from the Greek Maiola, and their after-name Lydi from the Hebrew. But it does not seem probable that the oldest name should be taken from the Greek, and the latter from the fiebrew language. What is yet farther removed from consistency, he places a descendant of Shem in the lot of Japhet, and supposes the Lydians to be the children of Ludim. From him I presume they would have been called Lyduni, not Lydi.— See the invention of games imputed to this people, book i. c. 94.-T.

pelled their country by the Teucrians and the Mysians.

LXXVI. Bassaces, son of Artabanus, commanded the Thracians of Asia; these used short buckler's made of hides, and each of them carried two Lycian spears: they had also helmets of brass, on the summit of which were the ears and horns of an ox, made also of brass, together with a crest. On their legs they had purple buskins. This people have among them an oracle of Mars64.

LXXVII. The Cabalian Meonians", who are also called Lasonians, were habited like the Cilicians, whom I shall describe in their proper order. The Mily carried short spears, their vests confined with clasps; some of them had Lycian bows, and they wore helmets of leather. Of all these, Badres, son of Hystanes, was commander. The

4 Oracle of Mars.]-It is thought by some, that here is something wanting; for the description which by the context seems here to be given of the Thracians, with truth will apply neither to the Thracians of Asia nor of Europe. Wesseling presumes that they may be the Chalybians, among whom was an oracle of Mars, and who were neighbours to the nations here described by Herodotus. Larcher also is of this opinion.

65 Cabalian Meonians.]--These were probably the same people who are mentioned book iii. c. 9o. the change of the a for e being agreeably to the Ionic dialect.