3. The Adverbial Clause and its Equivalents. 4. Interchange of Adverb with Adverbial Phrase 5. Placement of the Relative Clause 6. Note on the Relative Clause 7. Syntax of the Relative Pronouns PAGE 46 48 50 54 56 13. An Important Participial Construction: its Place and its Equivalents 14. Absolute Phrases: their Place and their Equivalents 1. Analysis of Complex Sentences of more than two Clauses 109 112 PART I THE SIMPLE SENTENCE LOGICAL ANALYSIS A SIMPLE sentence is a group of words by which : I. A statement is made, as: 'Birds fly.' 'The fire burns.' 'The boy has learnt his lessons.' II. A question is asked, as: 'Why do you run so fast?' 'Who bought these articles?' III. A command or a wish is expressed, as: 'Go (thou).' 'Speak (you).' 'May you be happy.' Every simple sentence contains at least two parts, the subject and the predicate. The subject is the word (or words) denoting the person about whom or the thing about which something is asserted. The predicate is the word (or words) by means of which something is asserted of the subject. These parts, the subject and the predicate, are the essential parts of every sentence; all other parts of the sentence group themselves to the one or the other of these. Hence a sentence, however long, may be regarded as consisting only of subject and predicate. A sentence broken up into these two parts is said to be analysed. The fighting men of the garrison were much exhausted. Several of them fell down from exhaustion. In This is called the logical analysis of the sentences. grammar we take note of more minute divisions of the sentence. These you will learn as you proceed. EXERCISE I 1. Give the logical analysis of the following sentences: Alfred was taught at home. He had a strong liking for books. His mother was a kind-hearted woman. The two lads grew up together. The noise was a false alarm. The poet spoke of his own songs. His health seemed to have mended. I shall not easily forget you. He lives eight miles from his post town. They retired into the library. The friends of that day were few in number. 2. Write down the logical analysis of ten sentences of your own construction. 3. Give the logical analysis of twenty sentences selected from your reading-book. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS: SUBJECT, PREDICATE, OBJECT The grammatical subject may be : 4. An infinitive, as: 6 To lie is disgraceful.' The grammatical predicate may be: I. An intransitive verb, as: 'Birds fly.' 'The ship sailed.' 'The child cried.' 'Our friends have departed.' "The children had been playing.' Notice here that, without the assistance of other words, each verb expresses complete sense. complete predication. Such verbs are called verbs of II. The verbs 'be,' 'seem,' 'grow,'' appear,' 'become,' and some others, with an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, an adverb, or other words, as : Observe that these verbs cannot, without the assistance of other words, express complete sense. verbs of incomplete predication. They are therefore called They are also called copulative verbs, because their function is to join the real predicate to the subject. III. A transitive verb, as : 'The wind broke the tree.' sense. 'James struck John.' Transitive verbs also are verbs of incomplete predication; for, without an object, they are generally unable to express complete Hence the object of a transitive verb is sometimes called the completion of the predicate. For the purposes of analysis it is called the object of the sentence. Like the subject, the object may be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an infinitive, a verbal noun (with or without qualifying words), and a noun sentence. The subject of the sentence is said to be in the nominative case, and the object is said to be in the objective case. |