of being so deprived: not light; opaque; obscure; blind. Hence gloomy, not cheerful; not of a showy or vivid color. To darken is to make, as well as to grow, or gradually become, dark. Darkish is dusky; that which is approaching a black or dark color. Darkling is a poetical participle to express the state of being without light. The meaning of the other derivatives seems sufficiently obvious. And the sunne was derked and the eir, of the smoke of the pitt. Wiclif. Apoc. 9. Then the priest shall look: and, behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish white. Bible. Lev. 14. Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son. Colossians. Ther saw I first the derke imagining Chaucer. Cant. Tales. Fair when that cloud of pride, which oft doth dark Her goodly light, with smiles she drives away. Spenser. Denham Johnson. Vanity of Human Wishes. Their quickness is owing to their presumption and rashness, and not to any hidden irradiation that in a moment dispels all darkness from their minds. Burke. Save me, ob! save me, from the sword dividing; DARLINGTON, a county of the United The lusts and passions of men do sully and darken States, in Cheraws district, South Carolina, their minds, even by a natural influence. Tillotson. bounded on the south and south-west by Lynch's Creek. It is thirty five miles long, and twentyfour broad. DARLINGTON, a town of Durham, situated on a flat on the river Skerne. It stands on the great road from London to Edinburgh. It has a weekly market, and, excepting January and February, a fair once a fortnight through the year. This town carries on linen and woollen manufactures. A curious water machine for grinding optical glasses, and spinning linen yarn, has been erected here; the invention of a native of the town. It is nineteen miles south of Durham, and 247 north by west of London. DARMSTADT, a neat town of Germany, the capital of the grand duchy of Hesse. It was fortified by a wall in 1330. The town contains a regency, a court of appeals, a consistory, and criminal court. The prince of Hesse Darmstadt entered into the late confederation of the states of the Rhine, and, by the treaty of alliance, received the title of grand duke, and royal high ness. The palace of the landgrave Louis VII., and the modern residence of the grand duke, with its beautiful gardens, are principal objects: to which may be added, the town church with the tombs of the landgraves; the state house; the pædagogium, or academy; the public library; the library of the grand duke; the cabinet of natural history (containing a number of curious fossils); the military school; and the building appropriated to military exercises, an edifice 300 feet by 150, and capable of containing 3000 men. It is situated on a river of the same name, thirty miles north-west of Heidelberg, and contains 13,000 inhabitants. DARN, or DEARNE, v. a. & adj. Ang.-Sax. deorn, secret, or concealed; Arm. and Wel. durne, a patch. To sew up, or conceal holes or skulls, and several strings of hands, five or six on a string. Their arms are bows and arrows, lances, and long clubs; and they have handsome canoes from fifty to seventy feet in length. They are apparently a treacherous race. Long. 142 59′ 15 E., lat. 9° 39′ 30′′ S. DARRAIN', v. a Old Fr. desrener. By Junius referred to dare. 'It seems to me,' says Dr. Johnson, more probably deducible from arran ger la battaille.' To prepare, or range troops for battle; to commence single combat. And on the morwe, or it were day light, Therewith they 'gan to hurlen greedily, Redoubted battle ready to darraine. Spenser Comes Warwick, backing of the duke of York; Darrain your battle; for they are at hand. Shakspeare. The town-boys parted in twain, the one side calling themselves Pompeians, the other Cæsarians; and then darraining a kind of battle, but without arms, the Cæsarians got the over hand. Carew's Survey of Cornwall. DART, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Fr., Teut. and Arm. dard; Swed. dart; Ital. dardo; from Gr. dopu. To throw a missile, or short lance; to project any thing offensive; to emit; to fly as a dart; to let fly. As a substantive, it is the wea pon thrown or darted. In alle thingis take ghe scheeled of feith in which ghe moun quenche all the fyry dartis of the worste. Wiclif. Effesies vi. Now, darting Parthia, art thou struck. Shakspeare. He wets his tusks, and turns, and dares the war; rents by imitating the original texture: solitary; The invaders durt their javelins from afar. Dryden. secret. He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in darning his stockings, which he performed to admiration. Swift. Will she thy linen wash, thy hosen darn? Gay. DAR'NEL, Sax. derren, hurtful. A grass of the temulentum species, hurtful to corn. But while people were asleep, his enemy came, and sowed darnel among the wheat. Matt. xiii. 25. Campbell's Translation. O'erwhelmed with darts, which from afar they And that sarcastic levity of tongue, The stinging of a heart the world hath stung, That darts in seeming playfulness around, And makes those feel that will not own the wound All these seemed his. Byron. DARTFORD, a market town of Kent, in the road from London to Canterbury. Here was a celebrated nunnery, which Henry VIII. converted into a royal palace, and which is now a gentleman's seat. The river Darent will admit boats to bring up goods to the town. The first paper-mill in England was erected on this river by Sir John Spilman, to whom king Charles I. granted a patent with £200 a-year to encourage the manufactory. On this river also was the first mili for slitting iron bars to make wire. The town was the first that engaged in the rebellion of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw: the market on Saturday is well supplied with provisions. It is seven miles west of Gravesend, fifteen east by south of London. DARTMOOR, an extensive moor and forest in Devonshire, reaching from Brent to Oakhampton, twenty miles from south to north, and between five and fifteen miles broad from east to west. It contains about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the river Dart. Many sheep are bred here, but of a small kind, and subject to the rot. The chief riches of the inhabitants of the villages are their black cattle, which thrive well on the coarse herbage. Some thousands of acres of land have lately been cleared, and plantations formed; much barren ground has also been converted into tillage, under the direction of colonel Tyrwhit, by order of his present majesty, when prince of Wales. The French prison, formerly on this moor, is converted into an agricultural settlement for the poor. DARTMOUTH, a sea-port town in Devonshire, seated on the river Dart, near its fall into the sea said to have been formerly called Clifton. It is an ancient corporation, and a borough town, sending two members to parliament. The town is large, well built, and populous; but the streets are narrow, though well paved. The harbour is large and safe, capable of containing 500 ships; and the inhabitants have a considerable trade to the south of Europe, and to Newfoundland. Dartmouth is esteemed a great nursery for seamen, the fishery employing nearly 3000, a certain number of which the owners are obliged by act of parliament to select from land men. It has a weekly market on Friday for corn and provisions, and one almost every day for fish. It was burnt in the reign of Richard I. by the French, and again in the reign of Henry VI. They attempted it afterwards, but were repulsed, chiefly by the bravery of the women. Beside a great slaughter which was made, they took M. Castel the French general, three lords, and thirtytwo knights, prisoners. It lies thirty miles S. S. W. of Exeter, and 204 west by south of London. DARTMOUTH, a thriving sea-port town of the United States, in Bristol county, Massachusetts, situated on the west side of the Accushnet, seventy miles south of Boston. It was incorporated in 1664. DARTMOUTH, a town of the United States, in Elbert county, Georgia, situated on the peninsula formed by the confluence of Broad and Savannah rivers, two miles from Fort James Dartmouth. Also a town of the United States, in Grafton county, New Hampshire, north-west of the foot of the White Mountains: thirty-three miles north-east of Haverhill, and eighty-seven northwest of Portsmouth. DARWAR, also called Nasserabad, a town and fortress of the province of Bejapore, Hindostan. Although not regularly fortified, it is by nature very strong, and the ditches are good. The town is situated to the south of the fort, and is surrounded by a wall and ditch. In the year 1685 it was taken from the king of Bejapore by Aurungzebe, and, soon after the decease of that monarch, fell into the hands of the Mahrattas, from whom it was taken by Tippoo in 1784, and retained by him till the year 1791, when it was retaken by the Mahrattas, assisted by the British, after a tedious siege of twenty-nine weeks. It has been lately ceded to the British. DARWIN (Erasmus), an English physician and poet, was born in December, 1731, at Elston, near Newark. After receiving the early part of his education at Chesterfield, he was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he studied medicine, and took his bachelor's degree in 1755. He was elected to one of Lord Chesterfield's scholarships, worth about £16 per annum. On leaving Cambridge, he attended the lectures of Dr. Hunter in London, and afterwards completed his medical studies at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M. D. He first settled at Nottingham, as a physician; but, not meeting with the practice he hoped for, he went to Litchfield, where his knowledge and acquirements were justly appreciated. In 1757 he married the daughter of Charles Howard Esq., who died in 1770, leaving him three sons. Not long after the death of his wife, Dr. Darwin commenced his laborious work, the Zoonomia, but which he declined publishing for above twenty-five years. He next wrote his Botanic Garden, and The Loves of the Plants. About 1780 Dr. Darwin married the widow of colonel Pole, of Radbournehall, near Derby, who brought him a large fortune; and he removed, in consequence of this connexion, to Radbourne, with a view of settling in Derby. He continued in this neighbourhood till February 1802, when he removed to Breadwall Priory, about three miles distant, a commodious retirement for his age and infirmities, and at this place he died in his seventy-first year. The literary fame of Dr. Darwin rests on the Botanic Garden, with philosophical notes, in two parts; 1. The Economy of Vegetation; 2. The Loves of the Plants, 2 vols. 8vo.: Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life, 4 vols. 8vo.: Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening, 1 vol. 4to.: works which display not only the poet, but the botanist and the philosopher; though there is frequently too much sacrificed to imagination; and the author evinces a contempt for all religion. Dr. Darwin was also the author of several medical and philosophical papers in the Philosophical Transactions, a Treatise on Female Education, and a poem published since his death, entitled The Temple of Fame. He had likewise a principal share in the translation of Linnæus's Systema Vegetabulum, published in the name of the Botanical Society of Litchfield. DASH, v. a. v. n., n. s. & adv. Goth. and Swed. daska; Scot. dusch. Serenius refers to the first as the etymology of our word, which Dr. Johnson considers in all its senses' very doubtful.' Minsheu derives it from the Gr. doa, delow, and defines it to bedash, dabble, bemire with dust.' This is at any rate not improbable. It is a word variously applied. It signifies to throw; to strike; to break to pieces by collision; to besprinkle; to agitate; to mingle fluids; to strike off in haste; to blot; to confound; to strike down. As a neuter verb, to fly off; to rush through, so as to scatter; to strike, as a ship upon a rock. As a noun, it expresses collision; infusion; a stroke made with the pen; a sudden blow, or striking appearance. Dryden uses it adverbially to express the sound of falling water. Happy shall he be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones. Ps. cxxxvii. 9. If you dash a stone against a stone in the bottom of the water, it maketh a sound. Bacon. They that stand high have many blasts to shake them; And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces. Nothing dashed the confidence of the mule like the braying of the ass, while he was dilating upon his genealogy. L'Estrange. A man that cuts himself, and tears his own flesh, and dashes his head against the stones, does not act so unreasonably as the wicked man. Tillotson. At once the blushing oars and brazen prow Dash up the sandy waves, and ope the depths below. Dryden. Doeg, though without knowing how or why, Spurred boldly on, and dashed thro' thick and thin; Thro' sense and nonsense, never out or in. To dash this cavil, read but the practice of Chris tian emperorз. Some stronger power eludes our sickly will; Dashes our rising hope with certain ill. Id. South. Prior. Pope. Never was dashed out, at one lucky hit, A fool so just a copy of a wit. To dash over this with a line, will deface the whole copy extremely, and to a degree that, I fear, may displease you. Id. There is nothing which one regards so much with an eye of mirth and pity, as innocence, when it has in it a dash of folly. Addison. Middling his head, and prone to earth his view, With ears and chest that dash the morning dew. Tichel. Torrents that from yon promontory's head Beattie. The cruelty and envy of the people, Permitted by our dastard nobles, Have suffered me by the voice of slaves to be Dastard and drunkard, mean and insolent · Dryden. He had such things to urge against our marriage, As, now declared, would blunt my sword in battle, And dastardise my courage. Id. Brawl and clamour is so arrant a mark of a das tardly wretch, that he does as good as call himself so that uses it. L'Estrange. Bug-bear thoughts, in the minds of children, make them dustards, and afraid of the shadow of darkness ever after. Curse on their dastard souls, they stand astonished! Locke. Addison. DASYPUS, the armadillo, ог tatou, in the order of bruta. The dasypus has neither zoology; a genus of quadrupeds, belonging to fore-teeth nor dog-teeth; it is covered with a hard bony shell, intersected with distinct moveable zones or belts: this shell covers the head, the neck, the back, the flanks, and extends even to the extremity of the tail; the only parts to which it does not extend, are the throat, the breast, and the belly, which are covered with a whitish skin of a coarse grain, resembling that of a hen after the feathers are pulled off. The shell does not consist of one entire piece, like that of the tortoise; but is divided into separate belts, connected with each other by membranes, which enable the animal to move it, and even to roll itself up like a hedgehog. All the species of this animal are originally natives of the western continent, and are endowed with the faculty of extending and contracting their bodies, and of rolling themselves up like a ball, like the hedgehog, though not into so complete a sphere. They are very inoffensive, excepting when they get into gardens, where they devour the melons, potatoes, and other roots. They walk quickly; but can hardly be said to run or leap, so that they seldom escape the pursuit either of men or dogs. But they dig deep holes in the earth, and seldom go very from their subterraneous habitations; or, when at a great distance, require but a few moments to make one. When taken, they roll themselves up, and will not extend their bodies unless they are held near a fire. There is no other method of making them come out from deep holes, but by forcing in smoke or water. The female generally brings forth four young ones every month; which is the reason why the species are so nume rous, notwithstanding they are much sought after far on account of the sweetness of their flesh. The Indians likewise make baskets, boxes, &c., of the shels which cover their heads. Linnæus enumerates six species of dasypus, principally distinguished by the number of their moveable belts. Mr. Kerr, who prefers the arrangement of Buffon to that of Linnæus, enumerates ten species of this genus. DATA, among mathematicians, a term for such things or quantities, as are given, or known, in order to find other things thereby that are unknown. Euclid uses the word data (on which he has a particular tract) for such spaces, lines, and angles as are given in magnitude, or to which we can assign others equal. From the use of this word in mathematics, it has been transplanted into other arts, as philosophy, medicine, &c.; where it expresses any quantity which, for the sake of a present calculation, is taken for granted to be such, without requiring an immediate proof for its certainty; called also the given quantity, number, or power. DATCHET, a town in Buckinghamshire, near Windsor, with a bridge over the Thames, built in the reign of queen Anne, and noted for its frequent horse-races. It is situated in a valley surrounded on every side with steep hills. DATE, v. a. & n. s. Į Fr. date, from Ital. DATE'LESS, adj. S dato; Lat. datum. To note a particular time; a time noted or appointed; the time and place at which a letter is writ Dryden. What time would spare, from steel receives its date; And monuments, like men, submit to fate. Pope. The accession of Elizabeth, from which we date the golden age of our language. Johnson. Plan of Dictionary. DATE, is derived from the Latin datum, given, and implies the place from whence, as well as the time when. Our ancient deeds had no dates, but only the month and year, to signify that they were not made in haste, or in the space of a day, but upon longer and more mature deliberation. The king's grants began with these words, præsentibus et futuris, &c.; but the grants of private persons, with omnibus præsentes literas inspecturis, &c. DATE, n. s. 1 Lat, dactylus. A species DATE-TREE, N. s. § of palm. Hold, take these keys, and fetch more spices, nurse, -They call for dates and quinces in the pastry. DATE, in botany. See PHENIX Shakspeare. DATE, in law. A deed is good, though it mentions no date or has a false, or even an impossible date, as the 30th of February; provided the real day of its being dated or given, that is, delivered, can be proved. Blackstone's Commentary, vol. ii. p. 304. DATI (Carlo), professor of polite learning at Florence, his native country, and the private friend of the poet Milton. The chief work tc which Dati applied himself, was Della Pittur Antica, of which he published an essay in 1667. He died in 1675. DATISCA, in botany, a genus of the dodecandria order, and diœcia class of plants; natural order thirty-fourth, miscellaneæ. Male, CAL. pentaphyllous: cOR. none: the antheræ are sessile, long, and fifteen in number. Female, CAL. bidented: the STYLES three: CAP. triangular, three-horned, unilocular, pervious, polyspermous, inferior. Species two: 1. D. Cannabina, a native of Canada with a smooth stem; 2. D. hirta, a native of Pennsylvania with a rough hairy stem. DATISI, in logic, a mode of syllogisms in the third figure, wherein the major is a universal affirmative, and the minor and conclusion particular affirmative propositions. Thus, DA- All who serve God are kings; TI SI. Some who serve God are poor; Therefore, some who are poor are kings. The DATIVE, in Latin and Greek grammar, is the third case, and is used to express the state or relation of a person or thing to whose advantage or disadvantage some other thing is referred. In the English language, which has no dative, this relation is expressed by the prepositions to or for. In the Greek language, which has no ablative, the dative is used instead of it. See ABLA TIVE. DATUM, or DATUS, in ancient geography, a town of Thrace, situated between Neapolis and the river Nessus, built by a colony of Thracians, according to Eustathius; who places it on the sea-coast, near the Strymon, in a rich and fruitful soil, famous for ship-building and mines of gold ; hence the proverb Δατος Αγαθων, denoting prosperity and plenty. It was taken by Philip of Macedon, who changed its name to Philippi. It was afterwards famous for the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Augustus and Antony. DATURA, the thorn apple, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; natural order twenty-eighth, luridæ : cor. funnel-shaped, and plaited: CAL. tubular, angulated, and deciduous; CAPS. quadrivalved. There are seven species. D. stramonium, the common thorn-apple, rises about a yard high, with an erect, strong, round, hollow, green stalk, branching luxuriantly on every side; large, oval, irregularly angulated, dark green leaves; and from the divisions of the branches, large white flowers singly succeeded by oval, prickly capsules, growing erect, commonly called thorn apples. At night the upper leaves rise up and enclose the flowers. The blossoms have sometimes a tinge of purple or violet. The flowers consist of one large, funnel-shaped petal, having a long tube, and spreading pentagonal limb, succeeded by large roundish capsules of the size |