"Do you suppose the state of this realm to be so feeble, that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this ?"-Hayward. "And bears down all before it with impetuous force."-Dryden. "And ebbing tides bear back upon th' uncertain sand."-Dryden. "Cæsar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus.”—Shakespeare. "Give but the word, we'll snatch his damsel up, And bear her off."-Cato. To this list nautical phrases would add, to bear down on an enemy, and to bear up against the wind; to bear round a headland, and bear over a sea; to bear by an island, and bear through a strait. What variety of meaning arises from these uncombined suffixes may be seen by taking a single thing as their object. Let the first be a river and the second a bridge. a river. To go near a bridge. To go along a bridge. To go over a bridge. To go across a bridge. To go under a bridge. To go upon a bridge. To go above a bridge. To go upon On a tempestuous night a horseman fatigued with a long day's journey, in attempting to go across a dilapidated bridge, was blown over it into the river. If you go through the Thames you will probably be drowned; if, by means of the Tunnel, you go under it, you will not wet the sole of your foot. A balloon will carry you over the Thames, and you may cross the river in a wherry. I sauntered along the river, and at length went upon its tranquil bosom. My cousin walked under the bridge, while I was above it in the balloon, and we both saw the sheep go into the river. These adverbial suffixes must not be confounded with ordinary adverbs. They are only a small portion of ordinary adverbs. Their connection with their verbs is more intimate than is the connection of ordinary adverbs, for though uncombined they form a part of the verb in each case, and are essential to its signification. The office of the ordinary adverb is not to change the import of a verb, but to denote the manner of its action. In to bear patiently, the adverb patiently does nothing more than mark the way in which the evil is borne; it is borne patiently, not impatiently, not peevishly, not complainingly. But to bear through, as "the admiral bore through the enemy's line," is in the primitive sense of the term not to bear at all, nor in the derivative sense to endure, but to sail or direct a ship. Besides, ordinary adverbs may be connected with these adverbial suffixes; as, for example, "the admiral boldly bore through the enemy's line." UNCOMBINED SUFFIXES. 2. Prepositions. I have termed the uncombined suffixes of which I have spoken adverbs and adverbial suffixes. In doing so I have, in regard to such as into, through, etc., considered them in their connection with their several verbs. Thus viewed, they in construction are taken as parts of their verbs. In consequence the verbs become compound, and in their compound state govern their objects. But through, into, and others may be viewed as prepositions. When so considered they are connected not so much with the verb as with the noun, which in that case is governed not by the verb but by the preposition; in other words, the noun is directly dependent on the preposition rather than on the verb. I may illustrate my meaning by an example of 1. A Verb compounded with He went-under the bridge. 2. A Preposition connected with a Noun. He went under the bridge. The boat sailed down the river. In the use of prepositions in connection with verbs, special regard must be paid to usage. The power of the verb is materially affected by the preposition. This fact is broadly seen in the appending of to or of to the verb to speak; for example, to speak to, to speak of. Besides the phrase to speak to, we use the phrase to speak with. The two meanings are nearly the same, but to speak to is to address, and to speak with is to interchange remarks, to converse. The usage you are to follow is present usage. In its very nature usage is a varying thing. Of old, to lay hold on was employed in the way of our to lay hold of. At present we say dependent on, but independent of, yet the two adjectives, as they differ only in the negative in, would naturally require the same construction; and in former days on was used with independent as well as dependent. "A being of dependent nature remains independent upon him.”— South. It is a rule that verbs, compounds of the Greek, Latin, and French languages, take after them the same prepositions as those which enter into their structure; thus, we say sympathise with, for the sym of sympathise denotes with. In the same way we say adhere to; intervene between. Yet we say prefer to, instead of prefer before (præ, Latin, before). We have also conformable with, and conformable to. "The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of writing conformable with that character we find of her."- Addison. "He gives a reason conformable to the principles."—Arbuthnot. With, however, seems to denote a greater degree of resemblance or correspondence than to. According to the rule just enunciated, averse (a, from; and verto, I turn) would take from after it; yet we say not averse from, but averse to. Exception (ex, out of; and capio, I take) would require out of or from; yet we say, exception to. "Pleads, in exception to all general rules, Your taste of follies with our scorn of fools."-Pope. The elegance as well as the propriety of language much depends on a correct use of the prepositions, and, consequently, I shall make them the subject of a series of exercises in English composition. PARSING. heads down? God made the little worm that crawleth on the ground. I saw a fly crawl up the window pane. Let us go forth into the green fields. John has gone down into the cellar. The buds come out on the trees. The cowslips hold up their heads; will the cowslips never hang their The goslings are running on the green. They are now When the going down into the pond. The hen sits upon her nest. The sheep can hen has broken the shell, the chicken will come out. scarcely stand under their wool. The butterflies flutter from bush to bush. The young animals of every kind sport about. The shepherd careth for his sheep, and bringeth them back to the fold. My son, take care of your aged mother, and sustain her in her weakness. Your mother brought you up on her knees. You lay in her bosom. She fed you with her own vital substance. Therefore, let her now, in her age, cleave to you, and, upheld by you, let her gently go down EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. into her tomb. LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XXXI. LEGAL HANDWRITING.-I. WE now introduce to the notice of our readers handwriting of a very different description to any that has yet been set before them, namely, an illustration of the "engrossing hand" used by law writers and law stationers in writing, or, to use the technical expression, engrossing deeds and legal documents of various kinds. Amongst lawyers the term engrossing means the making of a fair copy of any document on paper or parchment in clear and distinct characters, or, in other words, to transcribe in a legible manner the rough draft of any deed that has been prepared for transcription by a lawyer or barrister. This knowledge will help us to ascertain the meaning of the word engross. It is derived, as a little examination is sufficient to show, from the French preposition en, in, and the adjective gros, large. The expression to engross, in its literal acceptation, means to make writing, which is slanting and angular, while the former is stiff and upright. The characters in which the words that form the remainder of our specimen of legal engrossing-hand are written, are merely modifications of the ordinary German text, or, which is pretty much the same thing, our ordinary round-hand letters written in a stiff, upright manner, and in such a way as to impart to them the general characteristics of the letters used in German text-hand. A little practice will enable the reader to write a very creditable engrossing-hand when he has once found out the way in which the pen ought to be held, and detected the method that is followed in the formation of the different letters. It is clear, in the first place, that the pen cannot possibly be held in the ordinary way, with the end pointing over the right shoulder in a direction from right to left, as many of the perpendicular and horizontal thick strokes that appear in the writing could not be made when the pen is held in such a position. The pen (and for engrossing a quill should be used in preference to a Whereas the soud runs of money said aud Stork are now stauding in tat uaues of the said Trustees in the Books at tat Bank of Euglaud, and the same sums aud all interest whirh has amued bue taticou siure the Testator's death belongs to the parties of the third and fourth parts in equal shares aud proportions. SPECIMEN OF LEGAL ENGROSSING HAND. large, and therefore distinct, as the larger in reason are the characters in which a document is written, the more distinct and legible they are. Hence the word engross, which, in its primary sense, merely means to make large, has taken a secondary meaning, namely, to copy writing in large or distinct characters; and we can also trace the force of the simple and original meaning in a third signification that has been assigned to the word, when we speak of a person who is occupied in some absorbing pursuit as being wholly engrossed in his occupa tion-his employment, be it what it may, having taken such a hold on him, and assumed such large proportions in his mind, that he has little or no room there, if we may be permitted to use the expression, for other thoughts. In the specimen of legal engrossing-hand before us, we may trace the very source from whence it has sprung by an examination of the characters that are used in it. Of the letters that compose the first word of the first line, Whereas, there can be no doubt whatever, as they are simply characters written boldly and clearly in what is called German text, so termed from its close resemblance to the characters in which the majority of German works are printed. It must be borne in mind that rman text in no way resembles the ordinary German hand steel pen) is held pointing over the knuckle of the forefinger of the right hand in a direction bearing from left to right, while the nib is placed at such an angle with the paper that a thick perpendicular or horizontal stroke may be readily made, the former by turning the pen a little to the left and drawing it downwards in a straight line, and the latter by turning the pen a little to the right and drawing it in a transverse direction from left to right. The remainder of the strokes that form the rest of the letters in our specimen are formed, for the most part, by moving the pen downwards in a semi-circular motion from left to right. The kind of stroke that is meant will be recognised on looking at the letters m and n, which are formed entirely by a repetition of the stroke, thrice for the letter m, and twice for the letter n The small letters, C and e, which may be seen together in since, the second word in the sixth line, present the most striking peculiarities in engrossing-hand: the former is a short, thick, perpendicular stroke, crossed at the top by a short horizontal line slightly turned upwards towards the finish; while thee is the stroke of which the letters m and n are formed, with a stroke rather longer and turned up more at its completion than that with which the letter c is finished. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-XX. FLOWERED PLANTS (continued). We must not omit to mention, while discussing the various means taken advantage of by Nature to promote the dissemination of Composito, a very grotesque arrangement possessed by certain species, in virtue of which animals are made the unconscious bearers of the precious vegetable charge. The bract, which we have already seen competent to assume so many shapes, becomes in certain species of this natural order hooked, covering each torus with hundreds of claw-like arms. Who has not seen this curious provision on the burdock, though, perhaps, the utility of this singular appendage has not suggested itself? The use of this hook, no doubt, is for the purpose of causing the torus to lay hold of the skins of animals or other passing objects. The Composite being a natural order which includes so large a number of species, some kind of subordinate classification the presence of an involucrum surrounding each flower, by the adhesion of the ovary to the calyx at its upper portion only; lastly, by the pendant and albuminous seed. The great family, Composite, is dispersed all over the globe; nevertheless, the number both of species and of individuals rapidly diminishes towards either pole, and slightly towards the equator. They chiefly inhabit temperate and hot regions, more especially tropical islands, and districts on the sea-coast of tropical continents. America is richest in the greatest number of species. Herbs belonging to this order grow in climates which are temperate and cold; shrubs in regions still hotter; and trees in the hottest of all. Moreover, the latter are exclusively confined to intertropical and antarctic islands. Tubuliflora are numerous between the tropics, Liguliflora in the northern temperate region. Labiatiflora are rare out of America, where they abound between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. Whatever may be the locality of any one species belonging to this order, it is rare that such family can be naturalised else 174 175 173 173. THE CORN CENTAURY, OR CORN-FLOWER (CENTAUREA CYANEA). 174. THE COMMON MARIGOLD (CALENDULA OFFICINALIS). 175. THE DANDELION (LEONTODON TARAXACUM, OR TARAXACUM OFFICINALE). becomes necessary. Botanists are by no means agreed as to the best method of accomplishing this. Perhaps the system of Decandolle and Endlicher is most generally convenient: according to which the order Composite is divided into three series; first, Liguliflora, or strap-shaped flowers, from the Latin ligula, a strap; second, Labiatiflora, or lip-shaped flowers, from the Latin labium, a lip; third, Tubuliflora, or funnel-shaped flowers, from the Latin tubulus, a funnel or small tube. These subfamilies are divided into eight tribes, which are again divided and subdivided until each final species is arrived at. There are a few natural orders which, regarded in the tout ensemble of their general characteristics, approach the Composite. The little family of Calyceracea presents a great analogy with them, both as regards the inflorescence and the structure of individual flowers. It differs from Composite, however, in the circumstances that the seed, instead of being erect at the base of the ovary, is suspended from the summit of the latter; that the embryo is enclosed in a fleshy albumen; that the radicle is superior; that the style, always undivided, is terminated by a capitular stigma. Next come the Dipsacea, of which the greater portion resemble the Composite, by their inflorescence being that of a capitular involucrum; but which differ from the family in the circumstance of imbricated æstivation and free anthers, by VOL. II. | where. In this respect the Composita are peculiarly unbending; neither care nor culture will generally suffice to effect a permanent reconciliation between the transported plants and their new homes. The immense family of Composite furnishes mankind with numerous useful products, some of which will now be rapidly enumerated. The radiated Tubuliflora, regarded in the aggregate, may be said to contain in the flower a bitter principle combined with a resin or volatile oil; associated with these there is frequently discoverable in the root a material something resem. bling starch, and designated chemically by the specific name inuline, because it is chiefly found in the elecampane (inula). According to the mutual proportions in which one or another of these bodies may predominate, the various species become endowed with different medicinal properties. Some are tonics, others excitants or stimulants, others are astringents. The great genus Artemisia, represented throughout all the world by different species, furnishes us with various bitter aromatics, the properties of many of which have been celebrated from periods of very high antiquity. Two species, Artemisia absinthium, and Artemisia Pontica, are indigenous. Southernwood, or Artemisia abrotanum, originally from the East, is now cultivated i our gardens, and of world-wide reputation for its penetr 40 odour. All these species of composite-flowered plants owe their properties to the presence of a bitter principle, a peculiar acid, and a volatile oil. Perhaps the most valuable product of the Composite family is a volatile oil, acrid in some species, only bitter in others. Pre-eminent in the list stands chamomile, useful in so many diseases. Arnica montanum, a plant which grows in Germany, Switzerland, and France, also owes its medicinal qualities to the presence of a volatile oil. The genus Helianthus, in which the common sunflower is included, deserves especial notice for the products which it yields. Helianthus tuberosus is a perennial plant, indigenous to Brazil, though now cultivated in various European countries. Its subterraneous stem produces enormous tubercles, charged with inuline, and therefore very nutritive. Their odour is nauseous, but their taste agreeable; consequently, after being well seasoned, they may be eaten by man. They resist the attack of frost, in which respect they are different to most tubers, and consequently furnish good winter fodder for cattle. The Helianthus annuus, or sunflower, is familiar to most of us. The sunflower, however, has other merit than this. Its seeds afford, by expression, large quantities of a fixed oil admirably adapted for purposes of illumination and the soap manufacture. We shall now conclude this notice of radiated Tubuliflora by mentioning the synchodendron, a tree fifty feet in height, and the largest of the Composite. It is a native of Madagascar, in the deep valleys of which island it grows; and although it does not furnish a product useful to man, it aids him in another way. When the synchodendron flowers, the natives know the best season has arrived for sowing their rice. merce, being employed as a substitute for, or an adulteration of, coffee. We should remark, however, that throughout Germany and France the coffee-drinking public has become so accustomed to the flavour of coffee mixed with a certain amount of chicory, that simple coffee is never by preference employed. Endive (Cichorium endivia), so much employed as a salad, is also one of the Chicoraceae, etiolated, or bleached, by protecting it during growth from the direct action of air and light. Two varieties of endive are known to gardeners; one with large oblong leaves, very slightly charged with the bitter principle; the other more decidedly bitter, and having leaves which are very much subdivided and crisped. The genus Lactuca, or lettuce, is a very important one belonging to the sub-tribe Chicoraceae. All the members of this genus are characterised by possessing a bitter acrid juice, and being strongly odorous. All the lettuces contain wax, caoutchouc or india-rubber, a resin, a bitter crystallisable matter, and a peculiar volatile principle. Most of the lettuce genus are medicinal, the predominant medical quality of each being determined by the preponderance of one principle. Even common garden lettuce, in the condition in which we eat it as a salad, is known popularly to be endowed with soporific properties; but the narcotic energy is most strongly developed in the Lactuca virosa, a plant growing in Central Europe. LESSONS IN LATIN.-XX. PARADIGM OF THE VERB SUM-COMPOUNDS OF SUM. It will be convenient here to present the verb Esse, to be, in full. This verb is sometimes called an auxiliary verb, as by its aid (auxilium) parts of other verbs are formed. It is also called the substantive verb, as in its essence it denotes being or substance. PRESENT. Singular. Sum, I am. Es, thou art. Plural. Sumus, we are. PLUPERFECT. Fueram, I had been. Plural. Fueramus, we had been. INDICATIVE MOOD. IMPERFECT. Plural. Eramus, we were. FUTURE. Singular. Plural. Erimus, we shall be. PERFECT. Fui, I have been. Plural. Fulmus, we have been. FUTURE PERFECT. Singular. Fuero, I shall have been. Fuerimus, we shall have been The genus Cynara comprehends many species, of which one, the common artichoke (Cynara scolymus), is familiar to most of us. The part which we eat in this vegetable is the bracteal involucre, or rather the fleshy base of each bract, and the common receptacle. The Italians are more expert in turning the artichoke to account. They tie all the petioles together into one mass, curve the plant at right angles, and surround it with earth. In this manner, not only the capitulum, but the whole upper portion of the plant, becomes etiolated, or bleached, and forms a sort of cabbage head, eaten as a salad by the Italians. Several individuals of the Carthamus tribe of Composite are conspicuous on account of the colouring matter which they yield. Of these the Carthamus tinctorius, or safflower plant, is the most valuable. It is an annual, indigenous to India, but now cultivated in various other parts of Asia, America, and Europe. Its florets contain two colouring principles, one of which is much more soluble in water than the other. It is this latter, however, which the dyer seeks. Although rather insoluble in water, it is easily extracted by alkaline leys, from which it admits of ready precipitation by the addition of an acid. The colouring principle thus obtained is denominated carthamine. The carthamine of Egypt and of Persia are most esteemed; that of Spain follows next in order; that of France, Mexico, and Germany is of less value. Unfortunately, the tint communicated by safflower, although beautiful, is very fleeting. Carthamus florets are frequently mingled with those of true saffron as an adulteration. The marigolds are regarded by the generality of botanists as Sing. a sub-tribe of the Carduacea. The common marigold (Calendula Officinalis) is cultivated in gardens; it contains a bitter mucilaginous substance, various salts, and a small quantity of volatile oil. It was formerly celebrated in medical practice, and is now again employed by the homoeopathic practitioner (Fig. 174). The Liguliflora, or Chicoraceae, contain a milky juice in their Sing. Fuerim, I may have been. circulating vessels, also bitter, saline, resinous, and narcotic principles. Their properties vary according to the predominance attained by one over the other of these substances. The herb part of several of the Chicoraceae, if cooked whilst young, before the milky fluid has become completely formed, is an agreeable article of food; but the Chicoraceae are more celebrated in medicine than in dietetics. One of the most useful as well as the most common of Chicoraceae is the dandelion (Taraxacum leontodon, Fig. 175), a small perennial, having a wide distribution. Not only is it found abundantly in the British Isles, but throughout Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. The chicory (Cichorium intybus), remarkable amongst indigenous Composite for its blue flowers, is scarcely less common than the dandelion, and, perhaps, equally valuable as regards the results it yields. The root of Present. Ens, being (not used in good Latin, but found in the compound Plu. Plu. PRESENT. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Sim, I may be. PERFECT. Fueris, thou mayest have been. Es or esto, be thou. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Este or estōte, be ye. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present. Esse, to be. Future. Fore, or futurum esse, to be about to be. PARTICIPLES. wild chicory is employed in medicine; that of garden chicory, when dried and roasted, is the object of a considerable com præsens). The verb esse is made up of parts of two separate verbs; first, a verb of which es is the root; and secondly, of a verb, the stem of which is fu (compare fio in Latin, and puw, fu'-o, in Greek). From es (esum originally for sum) came the present, the imperfect, and the first future tenses; from juo came the perfect, the pluperfect, and second future tenses. The verb sum has neither gerund nor supine, and is in other respects defective, as appears from the paradigm just given. Sum takes before it certain prepositions, and is modified by them in its meaning; thus, with ad, adsum, it means I am at or near; with ab, absum, it means I am from, away from, absent; with pro, prosum, it means I am for, that is, I aid or benefit. In prosum, the letter d is inserted to prevent the hiatus which would be caused if two vowels came in succession; thus, pro-(d)-es, pronounced prodes; also prodest, proderam, prodero, prodessem. From the root mentioned above-namely, fu, fuo-come two forms not so common as those given in the table-namely, forem and fore; forem (-es, -et; -emus, -etis, -ent) is the imperfect subjunctive, and signifies I might be; corresponding to essem of the table; fore is the infinitive future, to be about to be; corresponding with the futurum esse of the table. VOCABULARY. Absens, part., being Hodie, to-day. Intersum, interfui, in teresse (E. R. interest), I am among, I am concerned, I take an interest or part in. Ita, so. Longe, far. Magistratus, -ūs, m., a magistrate or go vernor. Præsum, præfui, præesse, I am before, I preside over, command Prosum, profui, prodesse, I am for, I am useful, I do good to. Pugna, æ, f., a fight (E. R. pugilist). Quamdiu, as long as, how long? Quum (pronounced cum), conj., when, from the time when. Ubi, adv., where, when. Ut, as. Dam, conj., while. Fera, -, f., a wild beast Nisi, conj., unless. (E. R. fierce). Oratio, -ōnis, f., a Foris, adv., out of doors. speech (E. R. orator). Heri, yesterday. Peregre, abroad, Observe that these compounds of sum require their object to be in the dative case; as, prodest MIHI, he does good TO ME, or he benefits ME. EXERCISE 73.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Deus omnibus locis adest. 2. Parvi pretii (of little avail), sunt arma foris, nisi est consilium domi. 3. Contemnuntur ii qui nec sibi nec alteri prosunt. 4. Ut magistratibus leges, ita populo præsunt magistratus. 5. Ratio et oratio conciliat inter se homines, neque ulla re longius absumus a natură ferarum. 6. Ego sum lætus, tu es tristis. 7. Si sorte vestra contenti estis, beati estis. 8. Dum nos in schola eramus, sorores nostræ in horto erant. 9. Quum Carolus heri domi nostræ erat, ego peregre eram. 10. Quamdiu tu et frater tuus domi nostræ eratis, tu lætus eras, sed frater tuus erat tristis. 11. Quamdiu tu abēras, ego eram tristis. 12. Cur heri in schola non fuisti? 13. Quia cum patre peregre fui. 14. Quamdiu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis? 15. Sex menses abfuimus. 16. Cur milites nostri pugnæ non interfuerunt ? 17. Quia longius abfuerunt. 18. Ubi heri fueras quum domi tum eram ? EXERCISE 74.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. I am useful to thee. 2. Thou art useful to me. 3. The boys are not useful to (their) mothers. 4. Why are the girls not useful to (their) fathers? 5. When thou wast absent, I was sad. 6. How long has your father been absent ? 7. Charles took part in the fight. Wast thou yesterday at my house? 9. I shall be at thy house to-day. 10. Unless thou art happy at home, thou art not joyful abroad. Actio,-onis, f.,an action, doing (E. R. action). Etas, ætatis, f., age, a generation. Amicus, -i, friend. Antea, adv., before. Atrox, ocis, frightful (E. R. atrocious). Attentus, -a, -um, at tentive. Compos,-8tis, partaking of, endued with. Desum, defui, deesse, I am down, I fail. Demosthenes, -is, m., Demosthenes, the celebrated Grecian orator. VOCABULARY. 8. EXERCISE 75.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Quamdiu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici. 2. Pugna fuit atrocissima, propterea quod utriusque exercitus milites fortissimi fuērunt. 3. Ante belli initium in urbe fueramus. 4. Demosthenis ætate multi oratores magni et clari fuerunt, et antea fuerant, nec postea defuerunt. 5. Hæc res non profuit nobis sed obfuit. 6. Si quis virtutis compos erit, semper beatus erit. 7. Quamdiu sorte mea contentus ero, ero felix. 8. Actio recta non erit, nisi recta fuerit voluntas. 9. Si probi fuerimus, non deerit hominum laus. 10. Attenti este, discipuli. 11. Homines mortis memores sunto. 12. Contenti estote sorte vestra! 13. Mi fili, semper virtutis præceptorum memor esto! 14. Vir prudens non solum præsentia curat, sed etiam præterita mente repetit, et futura ex præteritis providet. 15. Boni bonis prodesse student. EXERCISE 76.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Our soldiers were very brave in the fight. 2. Why were our soldiers braver than yours in the fight? 3. So long as you are happy, friends will not fail you. 4. Friends fail the wretched. 5. Before the beginning of the fight, I was in the city. 6. The brave will always be useful to the brave. 7. My enemies injure me. 8. If you are partakers of virtue, you will be happy. 9. So long as I am content with my lot, I shall be happy. 10. O scholars, you ought to be attentive in school! 11. They endeavour to be very brave. 12. Be brave, my son. Prudent men foresee the future (pl.) from the past. 13. Quantum, how much. Quantus, -a, -um, how great (E.R.quantity). Scio, 4, I know (E. R. science). Tum, them. In Observe that in indirect questions the dependent verb must be in the subjunctive (or dependent) mood; as, for example, narra mihi ubi fueris, tell me where you have been. Such a form is called an indirect question. The direct question would stand thus-ubi fuisti? narra mihi, where hast thou been? tell me. the latter case the question is direct, and the verb, as not being dependent, is in the indicative mood; but put narra mihi first, and then your question is implied rather than stated; it is, therefore, an indirect question. In both direct and indirect questions the English is in the indicative; consequently, in putting the dependent verb into English, you must in English use the indicative mood; but in putting the dependent verb into Latin, you must in Latin use the subjunctive mood. Compare what is said of the sequence of tenses, and similar and dissimilar tenses, in the last lesson. EXERCISE 77.-LATIN-ENGLISH. 1. Non sum nescius qua mente tu in nos sis. 2. Scio qua mente tu in nos semper fueris. 3. Non sum nescius qua mente tu et prius in nos fueris et nunc sis. 4. Non eram nescius qua mente tu in nos esses. 5. Scio quam sint incerti animi hominum. 6. Cogita quam brevis sit vita! 7. Qualis sit animus, ipse animus nescit. 8. Cogita quantum nobis bona exempla prosint. 9. Incertus sum ubi frater meus nunc sit. 10. Incertus sum ubi amicus meus et fuerit et nunc sit. 11. Incertus eram ubi heri esses. 12. Narra nobis ubi heri fueritis. are. EXERCISE 78.-ENGLISH-LATIN. 1. Tell me where thou art. 2. Tell me where thy father and mother 3. I know not where my sister is. 4. Dost thou know how much good boys do good (prosum) to their parents ? 5. I know where my son is. 6. My son, where art thou? 7. I knew where my son was. 8. I am uncertain where the enemies are. 9. Is the general ignorant where the army is? 10. I know of what mind thou art toward the king. LESSONS IN GEOMETRY.-XX. THERE is a curious connection between the proportions of the sides of a hexagon and a heptagon inscribed in the same circle, and that is, that the length of the side of the heptagon is equal to the perpendicular let fall from the centre of the circle on any side of the hexagon. This may be seen from the following problem: PROBLEM LII.-To inscribe a heptagon in a given circle. Let ACE (Fig. 74) be the given circle in which it is required to describe a heptagon. Draw any diameter A K, passing through L, the centre of the given circle A CE; and from one of its extremities A as centre, with the distance A L, describe the are BL M, cutting the circumference of the circle A CE ir points в and M. Join B м, cutting A K at right angle |