le meilleur de tous les jardins de la ville 6 Avez-vous encore de l'argent? 7. Je n'ai pine d'argent, mais j'ai encore du crédit. 8. Avone-Logs emoore de la table? 9. Nous n'en avons p.us. 10. Nous n'avons pas de ran le. 11. qui en a encore ? 12. Mes freres et men aan en ons encore. 13. En avez-vous encore beaucoup? 14. Je n'en ai pina gers. 15. Votre tante a-t-elle plus de robes que votre nueCE * 16. Elle n'en a pas beaucoup. 17. Votre nevra est-il pids savant que votre nece? 18. Il n'est pas aussi savant qu ele. 19. Ele est pins savante que lui. 20. Avez-vous encore froid? 21. Je n'ai plus froid. j'ai bien chand. 22. N'avez-vous plus de nouvelles? 23. Je n'en ai plus. 24. En avez-vous beaucoup ? 25. Je n'en ai guere.

EXERCISE 29.

1. Has your brother a very good dictionary? 2. His dictionary is not very correct. 3. Has your father more courage than he ? 4. He has much more courage than your nephew. 5. Have your brothers credit? 6. They have but little credit, but they have money. 7. Is your aunt obliging? 8. My aunt is very chuiging. 9. Have you still books, pens, and paper? 10. I have no more books, but I have still good pens and excellent English past. 11. Who has still paper? 12. I have no more, but my brother has some more. 13. Have you any news, Sir? 14. No, Madam, I have none to-day. 15. Have you as much wood as my brother's son? 16. I have more than you or he. 17. Are you still wrong? 18. No, Sir, I am no longer (plus) wrong, I am right. 13. Are your sisters still hungry? 20. They are neither hungry nor thirsty, but they are still sleepy. 21. Is your niece as learned as he? 22. She is more learned than he and (que) his aunt. 23. Have you no news, Sir? 24. No, Madam, I have no more news. 25. Who has news? 26. I have no more. 27. Have you them all? 28. Yes, Sir, I have them all. 29. Has your aunt much of it left? 30. She has but little more of it. 31. Has your brother any more English horses? 32. He has no more. 33. He has two more. 34. Have you a handsome French shawl left? 35. I have no more French shawls, but I have an English one.

How many pears have you?
We have many pears.
We have many (of them).
We have cherries enough.
We have not enough (of them).'
You have but few peaches.
Your gardener has many peaches.
Have you no peaches?

I have many peaches and apricots.

Has the butcher anything good?
He has something good and bad.

He has not anything (nothing) good.
What or which pears have you?
We have your sister's.
Which or what coat have you?
We have the tailor's.
What have you good?
Which (one) have you?

Which (ones) has your brother?

VOCABULARY. Fleur, f., flower. Légume, m., vegetable. Magasin, m.,

house.

ware

Oncle, uncle.
Poire, f., pear.
Poivre, m., pepper.

EXERCISE 29.

Pomme, f., apple. Pomme de terre, L,

potato.

Prune, f., plum. Sucre, m., sugar. Thé, m., tea.

10. Nous en

1. Combien de pommes de terre votre frère a-t-il ? 2. Il n'en a pas beaucoup. 3. L'épicier a-t-il beaucoup de sucre dans son magasin? 4. Il n'en a guère, mais il a beaucoup de beurre et de poivre. 5. Votre jardinier a-t-il beaucoup de cerises? 6. Il a plus de cerises que de prunes. 7. Les prunes sont-elles meilleures que les cerises? 8. Les cerises sont meilleures que les prunes. 9. Avez-vous quelques poires mûres ? avons quelques unes, nous avons aussi beaucoup d'ananas et d'abricots. 11. Votre oncle a-t-il quelque chose de bon dans son jardin ? 12. Il a quelque chose de bon et de beau. 13. Il a de beaux légumes et de belles fleurs. 14. Avez-vous des fleurs étrangères ? 15. J'en ai quelques unes. 16. Lesquelles avezvous ? 17. J'ai celles de votre frère et celles de votre jardinier. 18. N'avez-vous pas aussi les miennes ? 19. Non, Monsieur, je ne les ai pas. 20. Qui en a beaucoup? 21. Personne n'en a beaucoup. 22. J'en ai quelques unes. 23. Avez-vous assez de thé ? 24. J'en ai assez. 25. J'en ai plus que lui.

EXERCISE 30.

1. Has your gardener many vegetables? 2. Yes, Sir, he has many. 3. How many gardens has he? 4. He has several

have but few, but my friend has many. 7. What coat has your

many peaches? 10. He has but few peaches, but he has many cherries. 11. How many plums has the tailor? 12. The tailor has no plums, he has cloth and silk. 13. What silk has your friend the merchant? 14. He has a great deal (beaucoup) of silk, and a great deal of money. 15. Has the gardener anything good in (dans) his garden? 16. He has many pineapples. 17. Has he more vegetables than fruit? 18. He has more of these than of those. 19. Has your uncle many pears and cherries? 20. He has a few, and he has many apples and plums. 21. Have you a few? 22. I have still many, but my brother has no more. 23. Which peaches has he? 24. He has large (grosses) peaches. 25. Which (ones) have you? 26. I have the best peaches. 27. Has the merchant anything good in his warehouse? 28. He has nothing good in his warehouse, but he has something good in his garden. 29. How many potatoes has the foreigner? 30 He has not many. 31. Has he good vegetables? 32. He has good vegetables. 33. Is he right or wrong? 34. He is right, you are wrong. 35. He has neither this book nor that, he has the bookseller's.

but

LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-VIII. AFTER one more exercise in letters formed by combinations of the bottom-turn, top-turn, and top-and-bottom-turn, the learner, in Copy-slip No. 25, passes on to a new elementary stroke, the fourth in order of the simple forms of which the letters of the writing alphabet are compounded.

This new stroke is called the "straight stroke." It is a downstroke of uniform breadth from top to bottom, formed by bringing the pen from the top line ee to the bottom line bb, with an equal pressure throughout. The chief difficulty in forming this stroke lies in lifting the pen smartly and quickly from the paper when it has been brought as far as the line bb, so that the termination

tum 7

h

h

a a, bb; but, as there is not a single letter into whose composition a straight stroke of this length enters, it is obviously absurd, as well as almost useless, to oblige the pupil to commence his lessons by copying a stroke that he is never called upon to make afterwards in any copy that he may write. In our system of teaching the art of Penmanship, we cause the pupil to write the simplest and easiest letters first, and then proceed to those that are more difficult, in all cases teaching him first to write the elementary strokes of which each set of letters in its sequence is formed, and then to combine them, so as to form the letters themselves. This, therefore, will explain why we did not commence our lessons with the straight stroke, according to the usual practice, and why we now introduce this

a

of the stroke on that line may be as square and clearly defined in every respect as its commencement on the line ee. The learner has already had some practice in terminating a thick down-stroke on the line bb, in making the "hanger" or topturn, and all letters into whose composition the top-turn enters. But these have been short strokes, and in making the letter 1, the only letter that he has yet made that is equal in length to the straight stroke, he has been accustomed to lessen the pressure on the pen before he reaches the line bb, in order to finish the letter with a fine hair-stroke turned upwards towards the right. Any trifling difficulty, however, that he may experience in making the straight stroke at first will soon vanish, if when he has brought his pen down as far as the line cc he remember that he has only to finish the stroke as if he were making the simple top-turn, which must now be easy enough to him.

In learning to write, the pupil is generally taught, first of all, to make a straight stroke, no longer than that portion of the stroke in Copy-slip No. 25 which is contained between the lines

stroke as the fourth in order of the simple elementary strokes, and in the only form in which it is used in writing, instead of the short form usually given, in which shape, as we have observed, it is never afterwards used by the pupil.

In Copy-slip No. 26 the pupil proceeds to form the straight stroke and the top-and-bottom-turn in alternation, and in Copyslip No. 27 he finds that these strokes, when joined together, form the letter h. The straight stroke enters into the composition of three letters-h, p, and k; but of these we confine ourselves to h and p for the present.

ESSAYS ON LIFE AND DUTY.-I.
INTRODUCTORY.

IF we stand still for a moment in the great rush and h this time, and look both around us on what is, and ward as far as the eye can reach on what has 1 struck at first sight with the vastness of the wor

cision which were fatal to success in his career as a tyrant. There were also stronger men opposed to him than resisted Henry VIII. The luckless king had come in evil times for him; but the people of England reaped the benefit of his misfortunes, and won many a fair privilege, which they left "as a rich legacy unto their issue."

During the reign of James I.-1603 to 1625-the House of Commons had successfully striven to curb the royal power. Popular rights which had long lain dormant, and were likely to rust for want of use, had been revived, not without opposition. James I., the "British Solomon," or, as he was called by a wise man of his own day, "the wisest fool in Europe," clung with the tenacity of a leech to those attributes of royalty which a small-hearte man would most value, and which were not the less annoying because they were so petty. Not all petty, though; some of the claims which the Commons disallowed were important enough. They re-established on the firmest possible basis the principle, that the king has no right to levy, under any pretence whatever, a tax upon his subjects, without the consent of Parliament; they procured the abolition of an enormous abuse of the power to grant monopolies or patents; they asserted, in the most solemn manner, the inviolability of the persons of members of Parliament, unless in cases of felony; and they revived the power which, Hallam says, "had lain like a sword in the scabbard," unused since the reign of Henry VI., a period of 175 years, to impeach the king's ministers for bad conduct. They had impeached Lord Bacon and Lord Middlesex for their misdemeanours in office, and these noblemen, as in all cases where the House of Commons is the accuser, were tried by the House of Lords. They were heavily punished; but the effect of their punishment was salutary beyond the cases immediately concerned. Ministers feared the new edge of the old weapon of the Commons, and were cautious beyond what they had been; and so the arm of the king was paralysed down quite half its length. Some ministers there were in the next reign, that of Charles I., who neglected the warning, or thought themselves able to despise it, and they fell like the Earl of Strafford and like Laud, whose fall brought the king's head also to the block.

Having done so much, the Parliament-many of the leading spirits in James's Parliaments sat in the Parliaments of Charles I. -was not disposed, certainly, to recede. On the contrary, it was bent on yet further restraining the royal power, by putting checks on the Court of Star Chamber (an irregular tribunal, acting above and without the law of the land, and of late years much abused) and High Commission (an equally irregular and illegal tribunal for ecclesiastical causes), by all the constitutional means in their power. Unfortunately, the king was as much resolved to win conquests for the royal prerogative as the Commons were to win them from it. Without the ability, with out the brutality of Henry VIII., before which many obstacles went down, Charles I. had all that monarch's greed of power, and even more exalted notions of the nature of the royal dignity. He rested his claims on the so-called "right divine of kings," to govern rightly or wrongly, according to their conscience, which had to give account to the King of kings, but under no circumstances to the people committed to its He lacked the ferocity which was half the battle to "bluff King Hal," and, linked with a certain amount of cruelty which he had in common with him, wore a timidity and inde

care.

2. That the committal to prison of Mr. Hampden and four others for refusing to pay an unlawful impost, should be recognised as illegal.

3. That soldiers should not be billeted on private persons. 4. That no man should henceforth be tried by martial law. The petition was presented in 1628. Charles tried every expedient, every shift and turn, in the hope of avoiding the necessity of complying with it. When at length compelled to give some answer, he gave a most unusual and evasive one, which clearly showed his intention to ride rough-shod over the Act at the first opportunity. It was only on the peremptory refusal of the Commons to accept his qualified assent, and after much pressure had been brought to bear, that he agreed to give the royal assent in the usual way: "Soit droit faist comme est désiré." (Let right be done as prayed.)

Scarcely was the ink of his signature dry ere the king set about to evade the petition. He levied fresh taxes under new names; he imprisoned six members of Parliament for their conduct in the House; with the help of the Earl of Strafford, he attempted to govern the kingdom without a Parliament, and with the help of Archbishop Laud, to govern despotically the Church. Sentences the most severe and cruel were procured in the Star Chamber against those who resisted the Government, and in the High Commission Court against those who offended in matters ecclesiastical. So great was the oppression, both in Church and State, that many, unable any longer to endure it, sailed across the Atlantic, to seek in the New World a home and a soil in which freedom might flourish. Then came honourless wars, undertaken against the wish, and in favour of the enemies, of the nation; then came the troubles in Scotland, which quickly threw off the yoke Charles tried to lay upon it; there were the disputes respecting the king's favourite, Buckingham; there were the trials and executions of Strafford and Archbishop Laud; the Irish rebellion; the angry reception of the Grand Remonstrance; and finally, there was the attempt to arrest the five members of the House of Commons.

This last was the drop that filled the bucket, and made it overflow. Charles, indignant at the speech and behaviour of Lord Kimbolton (son of the Earl of Manchester), and five members of the Lower House (Sir Arthur Hazelrig, Messrs. Hollis, Hampden, Pym, and Strode), during the recent differences between the king and the Parliament, in an evil hour listened to the advice of Henrietta, his queen, and to the advice of Lord Digby and the courtiers. They urged him to show himself a king, advised him that no private gentleman would suffer himself to be addressed as he had been by the accused, and recommended the arrest of the members on a charge of high treason.

Orders were accordingly given, on 3rd of January, 1641, for the arrest of the persons named. Their houses were occupied, their studies sealed up, and their papers seized. A pursuivant went down to the House of Commons, and, in the king's name, demanded the surrender of the accused. He was, however, sent back without any definite answer; the House voted that what had been done by the royal officers was a breach of the privilege of Parliament; and the king, angry at the non-compliance with his demand, resolved to go next day in person to the House, and himself arrest the accused men.

Mr. Isaac D'Israeli says, "When Charles went down to the House to seize on the five leading members of the Opposition, the queen could not restrain her lively temper, and impatiently

babbled the plot, so that one of the ladies in attendance dispatched a hasty note to the parties, who, as the king entered the House, had just time to leave it." The lady in question was the Countess of Carlisle, who was on intimate terms with several of the accused. On receipt of her note, which was communicated to the House, a brief but excited debate took place. Some were for directing the accused to absent themselves, hoping thereby to avoid an unseemly quarrel; others were inclined to have them remain, and to make common cause with them in case of any violence being offered. While the debate was yet going on, the gentlemen most concerned being themselves undecided as to the best course to adopt, a friend of Mr. Fiennes, member, came hurriedly, and told him that the king had already left Whitehall, at the head of 200 armed men, and was coming in the direction of the House. There was no time for farther talk. Action must be taken forthwith. A motion was hurriedly passed, giving leave to the five members to absent themselves, and they quitted the House a few seconds only before the King entered it.

Up Westminster Hall-the place which was in a few years to witness his trial and condemnation-King Charles walked, followed by his ordinary retinue, and a force of soldiers variously Ostimated at two, three, and even five hundred men. "It struck such a fear and terrour into all those that kept shops in the said Hall, or near the gate thereof, as they instantly shut up their shops, looking for nothing but bloodshed and desolation" o wrote an eye-witness of the affair. Arrived in the Hall, the armed men formed a lane, stretching down the whole length of it; the king passed along, and going up the staircase out of the Hall went into the Commons' House," where never king was (as they say) but once King Henry the Eighth." Attended only by his nephew Rupert, the son of the Elector Palatine of the Rhine, the king entered the House, the door of which, however, was kept open; and through the open door were to be seen officers and soldiers armed with swords and pistols, while the Earl of Roxborough and a Captain Hide stood within the door, and leaned upon it.

The Speaker of the House, Lenthal, had been instructed to sit still, with the mace before him; but when the king entered and the whole House rose and uncovered their heads, Lenthal also rose and stood in front of the chair. Charles removed his hat, and bowed to either side of the House as he came up. "Mr. Speaker, I must for a time make bold with your chair," he said, as he approached Lenthal, who made way for him, though the king did not sit down in the chair, but stood on the step of it.

A deep silence reigned in the House, till the king, who had been occupied in looking round for the five members, said, breaking in upon the silence, "Gentlemen, I am sorry for this occasion of coming unto you. Yesterday I sent a sergeant-atarms upon a very important occasion, to apprehend some that, by my command, were accused of high treason; whereunto I did expect obedience, and not a message. And I must declare unto you here, that albeit no king that ever was in England shall be more careful of your privileges, to maintain them to the uttermost of his power, than I shall be, yet you must know that in cases of treason no person hath a privilege. And therefore I am come to know if any of these persons that were accused are here."

No one answered. Charles, after a pause, made a few more remarks, and then asked specifically for each of the accused. No one informing him, he turned to Speaker Lenthal, requiring to be told; but Lenthal, kneeling, humbly desired to be excused, saying: "I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here; and I humbly beg your Majesty's pardon that I cannot give any other answer than this to what your Majesty is pleased to demand of me."

Baffled by the silence, and by the extreme courtesy evinced by the attitude of the House, the king went on to make some further remarks, with difficulty concealing, in the midst of his excitement, the natural infirmity of his speech. Not seeing those for whom he sought, he said, "Well, since I see all my birds are flown, I do expect from you that you will send them

unto me as soon as they return hither.

I will trouble

you no more, but tell you I do expect, as soon as they come to the House, you will send them to me; otherwise, I must take my own course to find them."

With the same show of respect they had shown him when he came in, the assembled members waited on him as he again passed down their ranks. Bareheaded and in silence, they allowed him to get as far as the door; but ere that had closed upon him low mutterings of anger were raised, and the cry of "Privilege! Privilege!" mingled ominously with the conversation in which the king told his friends in the Hall of the result of his errand.

The five members were not arrested, though the king spared no pains to take them. By all means in his power he tried to get hold of them-by warrants, by proclamations, by personal application. No one would betray them; and it having been resolved to restore them to their seats in the Commons' House, the king feared the temper of which this resolution was the sign, and within a week of his foolish visit to Westminster to arrest the members he was a fugitive from London, deeming himself not safe from the violence his actions had aroused.

By his recent conduct, no more than consistent with his former conduct, he had thrown down a challenge to the nation. The House of Commons took it up. Mr. Forster well says: "It had become clear that the attempt upon the members could not be defeated, without a complete overthrow of the power of the king. He could not remain at Whitehall if they returned to Westminster. Charles raised the issue, the Commons accepted it, and so began our Great Civil War."

SYNOPSIS OF THE LIFE AND REIGN OF CHARLES I. Charles I. was the second son of James I., by his Queen, Anne of Denmark. He was the twenty-fifth sovereign of England after the Norman Conquest, and the second of the Stuart dynasty.

1644

1645

Born at Dunfermline Nov. 19, 1600 | Bat. of Newbury (1) Sept. 30, 1643
Began to Reign.. Mar. 27, 1625 Bat. of Cropredy Br. June 6, 1614
Petition of Right presented. 1628 Bat. of Marston Moor July 2, 1644
Persecution of the Puritans. 1633 Bat. of Newbury (2) Oct. 27, 1614
Refusal of Hampden to pay
Montrose raises forces for
ship-money
1634 the King in Scotland
Hampden prosecuted
of
. 1636 Execution
Archbishop
Scotch Covenant against Epis-
Laud.
Jan. 10, 1645
Conference at Uxbridge
Battle of Naseby June 14, 1615
Charles I. retires to Scot-
land
Betrayed to the Parliament
by the Scotch. Jan. 30, 1647
Imprisoned at Carisbrook
Castle
Cromwell, by the aid of the

copacy

The "Long Parliament" summoned Impeachment of Laud and

Strafford

Execution of Strafford. Impeachment of the Five Members demanded by

Charles.

1638

.

1640

. 1640 1641

1646

1647

1618

1642 The "Troubles commence 1642 Royal Standard raised at Nottingham. . . . Aug. 25, 1612 Battle of Worcester Sept. 23, 1612 Battle of Edge Hill Oct. 23, 1642 hall Bat. of Stratton Hts. May 16, 1643 His Trial for Treason comDeath of Hampden June 19, 1643 Jan. 20, 1649 Battle of Lansdown July 5, 1643 | Beheaded at Whitehall Jan. 30, 1649

The King brought to White

mences.

35. Sometimes you must use the falling inflection of the voice when you come to a semicolon, and sometimes you must keep your voice suspended, as directed in the case of the comma. Whatever may be the length of the pause, let it be a total cessation of the voice. Examples.

That God whom you see me daily worship; whom I daily call upon to bless both you and me, and all mankind; whose wondrous acts God who created the heaven and the earth is your Father and are recorded in those Scriptures which you constantly read; that

Friend.

My son, as you have been used to look to me in all your actions, and have been afraid to do anything unless you first knew my will; so let it now be a rule of your life to look up to God in all your actions.

If I have seen any perish for want of clothing, or any poor without covering; if his loins have not blessed me, and if he were not warmed the fatherless, when I saw my help in the gate; then let mine with the fleece of my sheep; if I have lifted up my hand against arm fall from my shoulder-blade, and mine arm be broken from the boue.

The stranger did not lodge in the street; but I opened my doors to the traveller.

If my land cry against me, or the furrows thereof complain; if I have eaten the fruits thereof without money, or have caused the owners thereof to lose their life; let thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockles instead of barley.

When the fair moon, refulgent lamp of night, o'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light; when not a breath disturbs the deep serene, and not a cloud o'ercasts the solemn scene; around her throne the vivid planets roll, and stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole; o'er the dark trees a yellower verdure shed, and tip with silver every mountain's head; then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise, a flood of glory bursts from all the skies; the conscious Swains, rejoicing in the sight, eye the blue vault, and bless the useful light.

When the battle was ended, the stranger disappeared; and no per. son knew whence he had come, nor whither he had gone.

The relief was so timely, so sudden, so unexpected, and so provi dential; the appearance and the retreat of him who furnished it were so unaccountable; his person was so dignified and commanding; his resolution so superior, and his interference so decisive, that the inhabitants believed him to be an angel, sent by Heaven for their preservation.

36. Sometimes you must use the falling inflection of the voice when you come to a semicolon, in reading.

Examples.

Let your dress be sober, clean, and modest; not to set off the beauty of your person, but to declare the sobriety of your mind; that your outward garb may resemble the inward plainness and simplicity of your heart.

In meat and drink, observe the rules of Christian temperance and sobriety; consider your body only as the servant and minister of your soul; and only so nourish it, as it may best perform an humble and obedient service.

Condescend to all the weaknesses and infirmities of your fellowcreatures; cover their frailties; love their excellences; encourage their virtues; relieve their wants; rejoice in their prosperity; compassionate their distress; receive their friendship; overlook their unkindness; forgive their malice; be a servant of servants; and condescend to do the lowest offices for the lowest of mankind.

Struck with the sight of so fine a tree, he hastened to his own, hoping to find as large a crop upon it; but, to his great surprise, he saw scarcely anything, except branches, covered with moss, and a few yellow leaves.

In sleep's serene oblivion laid, I've safely passed the silent night; again I see the breaking shade, again behold the morning light. New-born, I bless the waking hour; once more, with awe, rejoice to be; my conscious soul resumes her power, and soars, my guardian God, to thee.

That deeper shade shall break away; that deeper sleep shall leave mine eyes; thy light shall give eternal day; thy love, the rapture of

the skies.