Beside the languages already specified more than twenty other languages have yielded verbal tribute to the all-devouring English language.

Every country of the globe seems to have brought some of its verbal manufactures to the intellectual market of England. Max Müller.

Among the languages that have brought the greatest number of roots are the following, with characteristic words:

I. Celtic; as, babe, basket, clan, bard, plaid, cart, fun, cradle, cabin, glen, bucket, gown.

II. Latin; as, altar, shrine, creed, pagan, port, street, bailiff, font, abjure, carbon, cardinal, announce. III. Scandinavian; as, bark, tackle, bulge, club, freckle, frith, luncheon, lurch, squall, keel, sister, husband.

Celtic.

Latin.

Scandi

navian.

IV. Norman-French; as, baron, chivalry, dower, Normanarray, herald, homage, fee, suit forest, venison, chase, French. sport.

V. Greek; as, telegraph, crystal, myrrh, autocrat, Greek. geology, anatomy, crystal, school, aëronaut, sympathy, microscope, spheroid.

VI. French; as, bouquet, brusque, croquet, valet, French. bonnet, crochet, parole, connoisseur, crayon, bonbon, blonde, boudoir.

VII. Spanish; as, alcove, almond, cargo, cigar, cork, merino, molasses, mosquito, mulatto, vanilla, garble, jade, javelin.

Spanish.

Italian.

Portuguese.

VIII. Italian; as, brigand, ballad, alto, carnival, banquet, cartoon, cannon, canteen, concert, opera, soprano, tenor.

IX. Portuguese; as, caste, cocoa, commodore, fetish, lasso, mandarin, marmalade, molasses, porcelain, palaver, tank, veranda.

Modern X. Modern German; as, poodle, waltz, meerschaum, German. bismuth, swindle, quartz, zinc, gneiss, feldspar, shale, fuchsia.

Dutch. XI. Dutch; as, brandy, golf, knapsack, landscape, measles, mumps, duck, wagon, yacht, gas, skipper.

Swiss.

Hebrew.

Arabic.

Persian.

Hindu.

Turkish.

XII. Swiss; as, dismal, glimpse, haggle, mart, fetlock.

XIII. Hebrew; as, abbey, amen, jubilee, seraph, Sabbath, cinnamon, cherub, hallelujah, leviathan, hosanna, cabal, sapphire.

XIV. Arabic; as, alchemy, alcohol, chemistry, cotton, rice, tariff, algebra, coffee, camphor, sofa, shrub, syrup.

XV. Persian; as, chess, sash, lemon, emerald, shawl, bazaar, orange, balcony, turban, lilac, awning, musk.

XVI. Hindu; as, buggy, calico, chintz, coolie, jungle, nabob, loot, muslin, shampoo, sugar.

XVII. Turkish; as, candy, divan, horde, simmer, bey, bosh, khan, seraglio.

Malay. XVIII. Malay; as, bamboo, bantam, gingham, mango, sago, orang-outang, gong, rum, rattan.

Chinese. XIX. Chinese; as, china, silk, serge, satin, tea, typhoon, nankeen.

XX. Slavonic; as, czar, sable, slave, ukase, calash, Slavonic. drosky, argosy, polka.

XXI. North American Indian; as, hominy, moccasin, moose, opossum, raccoon, skunk, wigwam, squaw, wampum, tomahawk.

XXII. West Indian; as, cannibal, canoe, hammock, maize, potato, tobacco, hurricane.

As has been noted, the languages of the world are bound to one another by certain relationships and grouped into families. The most important of these linguistic family groups is the Indo-Germanic (IndoEuropean), which includes all the prominent languages that have been or are used in India and Western Europe.

The following classification will show the principal ancient and modern ramifications of this family:

I. Aryan.

INDO-GERMANIC GROUP.

1. Indian, including the Early Sanskrit and the modern Indian dialects.

2. Iranian, including the old Persian and Avestan and the modern Persian.

II. Hellenic, including the Ionic, Doric, Æolic, Northwest Greek, Arcadian, Cyprian, Elean, and Pamphylian dialects of Ancient Greek, the Albanian and the various dialects of Modern Greek.

III. Italic, including the Latin-Faliscan and OscanUmbrian dialects of the Ancient Latin, and the Romance

North American

Indian.

West

Indian.

Languages which sprung from the Latin, as the Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Roumanese, Wallachian, and Provençal.

IV. Celtic.

1. Gaelic, including the Irish (Erse), the Scotch Gaelic, and Manx.

2. Britannic, including the Armorican, Cornish, and Welsh.

V. Germanic.

1. North Germanic, including the Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Norwegian.

2. East Germanic, including East Gothic and West Gothic.

3. West Germanic, including the old and modern. German and the Anglo-Frisian; i.e. the Saxon Frisian, Flemish, and English.

VI. Balto-Slavic.

1. Baltic, including Lithuanian, Lettic, and Old Prussian.

2. Slavic, including Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, West-Slavic, Slovenian, Polish.

APPENDIX II.

WORD FORMATION.

IN the foregoing pages words have been viewed as elements of thought or as parts of a sentence. The thought or sentence has been considered the unit form.

The forms of words have been regarded only as aids in determining the relations of words to one another in the sentence. Words in their formation are in themselves regarded as unit forms. A word is not usually the sign of a simple idea, but more frequently is the sign of several ideas grouped into one idea.

The simple primitive form of a word is called its root. The root is the fundamental part of a word, and expresses its general meaning.

The stem of a word is the part to which the inflectional endings are added, and in form is either the same as the root, or is the root + some modification or change, as calle is the stem of the root call.

Philologists tell us that roots when traced to their primitive forms are found to be monosyllabic; hence in its earliest stages the original language of the IndoGermanic group of languages must have been a monosyllabic language.

Many forms, originally independent words, have lost more or less of their primitive power, and are now merely significant particles used to define, restrict, or

Root.

Stem.