3. I am going abroad next month.

4. I remain in the city next winter.

PERFECT TENSE.

227. Observe in the following sentences that the perfect tense is used to designate that which the verb is used to express :

1. As action completed and performed in the present time (2).

2. As completed action as repeated and reaching to the present time (1).

3. As action completed and belonging to all time, but stated in the present time (3).

1. I have long looked for one fit to grow by my side.

2. Now I have found him. Id.

-Cooper.

3. God has lent us the earth for our life. Ruskin.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

228. Note from the following sentence that the past perfect tense is used to designate that which the verb is used to express as action completed in the past time before an assumed past time. The assumed past time may be either expressed or implied.

1. The star that had blazed so brightly over the world went down in blood, and the "bravest of the brave" had fought his last battle. - Headley.

229. Note from the following sentence that the future perfect tense is used to designate that which

Perfect
Tense.

Past Perfect Tense.

Future

Perfect

Tense.

the verb is used to express as action completed in the future before an assumed future time. The given future time may be expressed or implied.

1. When that crisis shall come, the colossal fabric of the British Empire will have given way under its always accumulating weight. - Seward.

Give the tense of each verb in the following sentences and state the particular use of each:

1. I had wandered in at noontide when all nature is peculiarly quiet. — Irving.

2. God's mills grind slow but sure. Herbert.

3. Joy comes and goes, hope ebbs and flows

Like the wave. Arnold.

4. You will therefore permit me to repeat emphatically that Marley was as dead as a door nail. Dickens.

5. The allegory of Bunyan has been read by many thousands with tears. Macaulay.

6. His blood has been very hot, but it has had time to cool.

Cooper.

7. As a general he marshaled the peasant into a veteran, and supplied by discipline the absence of experience.

8. He that lives upon hopes will die fasting.

-Phillips.

-Thackeray.

9. A good man will avoid the spot of any sin.

10. In politics what begins in fear usually ends in folly. - Coleridge.

11. Where law ends tyranny begins. Chatham. 12. Genuine wit implies no small amount of wisdom and culture. Harvey.

13. Events of all sorts creep or fly exactly as God pleases. Cowper.

E. PERSON.

Note from the verbs in following sentences (1), (2), (3), that some forms of the verb are used to denote whether that expressed by the verb has reference to a subject in the relation of the first, the second, or the third person.

1. I am enjoying my privileges.
2. You are testing your abilities.
3. He is developing great powers.

4. Waste makes want.

5. Quick landlords make careful tenants.

230. Such a modification of the verb is called person.

Note from the verbs in foregoing sentences (4), (5), that some forms of the verb are used to denote whether that expressed by the verb has reference to one or to more than one person or thing.

231. Such a modification of the verb is called number.

The modifications of a verb for person or number are limited to a few forms, but under the assumption that the verb is used to distinguish the action expressed by its subject both in person and in number. These rela

tions may be said to exist even in the verb forms that are not modified. On such a basis the verb must be in the first, second, or third person, and in the singular or plural number.

232. The forms of the verb used to distinguish person and number by inflection are found only in

Person.

Number.

Verbal.

the active voice and in the indicative mode as

follows:

1. The second person, singular number, has the endings, st and est, in the present and past tenses; as:

Thou strivest; thou readest; thou lovedst.

2. The third person, singular number, has the endings, 8, th, or eth, in the present tense; as:

She loves, he readeth, he doth.

3. s is the regular ending in the third person, singular number of the present tense, indicative mode, active voice.

NOTE. The endings, st and est, of the second person, singular number, are rarely used, and th and eth are no longer used except in poetry or impassioned prose. These endings are sometimes called Old Form endings.

Designate the inflected verb endings of verbs in the following sentences, and state whether they are common or Old Form endings:

1. He is gentle that doth gentle deeds. Chaucer.
2. One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.

3. "There is no God," the foolish saith.
4. Life hath more awe than death.

-Shakespeare. - Mrs. Browning.

Bailey.

F.

VERBALS.

Note that the words in full-faced type in the following sentences are verb forms used either as nouns or as adjectives:

1. Thinking is very far from knowing.

2. A dog living is better than a lion dead.

3. To labor is to live.

233. Such forms are called verbals.

234. The verbal which, used as a noun, expresses Infinitive.

the action or condition denoted by the verb, with

out directly asserting it, is called an infinitive. (See § 39.)

Note that there are different forms of infinitives in the following sentences:

1. To buy and to sell is but to win and lose.

2. To beg a courtesy is to sell liberty.

1. Buying and selling is but winning and losing.
2. Begging a courtesy is selling liberty.

235. Note that one form consists of to a verb form, or the same form of the verb without to. This form is called the simple infinitive, or infinitive.

236. Note that the other form consists of the simplest form of the verb with ing affixed. This form of the infinitive is called the gerund.

237. To is not necessarily a characteristic sign of the simple infinitive. In early English to was not used with the infinitive, and in present usage is generally omitted before the infinitive, after the verbs, may, can, see; will, shall, hear; let, dare, feel; bid, must, make, need, and do; as,—

Gerund.