5. Read much, but not many works. Hamilton. 6. Hold the fleet angel fast until he bless thee. — Cotton. 7. If he have not a friend he may quit the stage. - Bacon. 8. It was well said that envy keeps no holidays. — Id. 9. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. 10. Accuse not Nature, -Shakespeare. She hath done her part; do thou but thine. 11. Nurture your minds with great thoughts. -Beaconsfield. 12. Bless not thyself only that thou wert born in Athens. Browne. D. TENSE. Note the time and state of action (complete or incomplete) expressed by each of the verbs in full-faced type in the following sentences: Note the time and state of action (complete or incomplete) expressed by each of the verbs in the following sentences: II. { 1. Necessity has created industry. 2. Necessity had created industry. 3. Necessity will have created industry. Note that in foregoing groups, I. and II., each of the verbs in sentence (1) expresses present time, each of the verbs in sentence (2) past time, and each of the verbs in sentence (3) future time. Note that each of the verbs in group II. designates the action as completed at the time expressed by the 223. The form of the verb that is used to desig- Tense. nate the time, or both the time and the state of action expressed by the verb, is called tense. Tense is from Old French tens (temps)-time. The tenses of the verb in foregoing group, I., do not designate the state, but only the time of the action expressed by the verb; hence are named from the basis of the time of the action expressed by the verb, as: The tenses of the verb in foregoing group, II., designate not only the time, but also the state of the action. expressed by the verb, hence are named from the basis of both the time and the state of action expressed by the verb, as: 1. Necessity has created. 2. Necessity had created. 3. Necessity will have created. Present perfect tense. Observe the foregoing tense forms, and note that the present and past tenses have the only inflected tense forms. The other tenses are formed with the aid of auxiliary verbs. Using he as subject, write out the tense forms of the verb kill, killed, to express the following conditions of time, or time and state of action: 1. Action completed in the past time. Present Tense. 5. Action completed in the present time. 6. Action performed in the past time. The foregoing sentences are in the indicative mode, active voice. Name the verbs in the active voice, indicative mode, in the following sentences, and tell the tense of each:1. A bear will not attempt to fly.-Swift. 2. It is not so correct to say that he (Shakespeare) speaks from Nature as that she speaks through him.-Pope. 3. The young moon had fed her exhausted horn with the sunset's fire. - Shelley. 4. Love has made its best interpreter a sigh. - Byron. 5. I warmed both hands against the fire of life. Landor. 6. Prayer will make a man cease from sin, or sin will entice a man to cease from prayer. Bunyan. 7. A nightingale dies for shame if another bird sings better. - Froude. 8. Hero worship exists, has existed, and will forever exist universally among mankind. - Carlyle. 9. Polished brass will pass upon more people than rough gold. Chesterfield. 10. God enters by a private door into every individual. 11. And, Father Cardinal, I have heard you say, PRESENT TENSE. -Shakespeare. 224. Observe in the following sentences that the present tense may be used to designate that which the verb is used to express : 1. As actually taking place at a present time (1). 2. As taking place at some future time, but stated in the present for vividness of expression (2) and (3). 3. As stating a general truth or custom belonging to all time (4) and (5). 4. As taking place in past time, but pictured to the mind as present for the sake of giving vividness of expression (6). 1. The noonday quiet holds the hill. Tennyson. 2. But fifty years hence, when Truth gets a hearing, the muse of history will put Phocion for the Greek . . 4. The heart is wiser than the intellect. Holland. 5. Earth is but the frozen echo of the silent voice of 6. The anchors were weighed, the great hull swayed in the current, the bell strikes; the wheels revolve, the signal gun gives back its echoes in upon every structure along the shore; and the Arctic glides joyfully forth from the Mersey and turns her prow to the winding channel and begins her homeward run. The pilot stood and men saw him. 225. Observe in the following sentences that the past tense may be used to designate that which the verb is used to express : 1. As taking place at some time before the present, as a single act. 2. As a customary act taking place at a time before the present. Past Tense. Future 1. Then sculpture and her sister arts revived; FUTURE TENSE. Pope. 226. Observe in the following sentences that the future tense may be used to designate that which the verb is used to express : 1. As actually taking place some time after the present (1), (2). 2. As stating a general truth belonging to all time (3), (4). 3. As stating a mild command (5). 4. As stating a customary or repeated action (6). 1. We shall meet in happier climes, and on a safer shore. Addison. - Moore. 2. To-morrow the dreams and flowers will fade. 4. A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. Beaconsfield. 5. You (Sherman) will proceed with as little delay as possible to Memphis, Tennessee, taking with you one division of your present command. — Grant. 6. They will go to Sunday-school through storms their brothers are afraid of . . . They will stand behind a table at a fair all day. — Holmes. NOTE. In colloquial English the present tense with an adverb referring to future time is quite commonly used instead of the future tense; as, 1. I leave to-morrow on an early train. 2. He starts at sunrise. |