The nominative absolute is the nominative case used in absolute constructions. The direct object objective is the objective case used to denote the relation of an object to a transitive verb. The indirect object objective is the objective case used to denote the relation of the object indirectly affected by the action that the verb is used to express. The prepositional objective is the objective case used with a preposition to denote various relations. The subject objective is the objective case used to express the relation of a subject to an infinitive. The predicate objective is the objective case used to denote the relation of a predicate noun to an infinitive with the subject objective. The appositive objective is the objective case used to denote the relation of an appositive to another noun in the objective case. The adverbial objective is the objective case used to denote adverbial relations. The possessive case is the case that is used to denote the relation of ownership, authorship, or similar relations to the object designated. The construction of a sentence is the way a sentence is built up or constructed. Parsing is the resolving of the elements of a sentence into their kinds, forms, uses, and relations. OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS, THEIR PROPERTIES AND RELATIONS. 1. As a subject (Subject nominative). a. By predication (Predicate nominative). b. In apposition (Appositive nominative). 3. In independent relations. a. By address (Vocative nominative). b. In absolute constructions 2. Possessive. (Nominative absolute). 3. Objective. 1. As object. a. Direct (Direct object objective). b. Indirect (Indirect object objective). 2. With preposition (Prepositional objective). 3. As subject of infinitive (Subject objective). 4. In agreement. a. By predication (Predicate objective). b. In apposition (Appositive objective). 5. In adverbial relations (Adverbial objective). Antecedent. 1 II. PRONOUNS. 1A pronoun is a reference word used to represent some person or thing. (Review 42-44.) Inasmuch as nouns and pronouns are used to designate the same persons or things, a pronoun may refer to a noun to obtain through it definiteness of meaning. Note the nouns to which pronouns refer in the following sentences: 1. Heaven never helps the men who will not act. -Shakespeare. 2. Knowledge cannot be stolen from us. It cannot be bought or sold. - Burritt. 3. Thy wife is a constellation of virtues. She's the - Congreve. Tell their beads in drops of rain. - Longfellow. 120. The noun to which a pronoun refers for definiteness of meaning is called its antecedent. 121. The antecedent of a pronoun is a noun or equivalent expression used either to name or designate the person or thing to which the pronoun refers. 122. Pronouns are used to distinguish gender, number, person, and case. While in nouns the distinguishing of gender, number, and case is largely a matter of classification, in pronouns 1 See Notes for Teachers, 5. gender, number, and case are most commonly designated by separate forms. A. PERSONAL AND NEUTER PRONOUNS.1 SIMPLE PERSONAL AND NEUTER PRONOUNS. Note that the pronouns in full-faced type in the following sentences are used to designate persons as speaking, spoken to, or spoken about: 1. I mean to stand upon the Constitution. I need no other platform. — Webster. us. 2. He that has lost his faith, what staff has he left? Bacon. 3. Experience converts us to ourselves when books fail Alcott. 4. If thou art rich, thou art poor.- Shakespeare. 123. That property of pronouns which is used to designate a person as speaking, spoken to, or spoken about, is called person. Person. Personal 124. Pronouns that by their form are used to distinguish or designate the different relations of Pronouns. person are called personal pronouns. Personal is from the Latin personalis― personal or individual. Note that the personal pronoun, I, in sentence (1), is used to refer to a person as speaking. Note that the personal pronoun, we, in sentence (2), is used to refer to a person as speaking of himself and others. 1. I preached as never sure to preach again. Baxter. 2. 'Tis sweet to think where'er we roam We are sure to find something blissful and dear. First 125. A personal pronoun used to refer to a Person. person as speaking of himself, or of himself and others, is called a personal pronoun of the first Second Person. Third Person. person. Note that the personal pronouns, thou, you, and ye, in the following sentences are used to refer to persons spoken to and spoken about. 1. Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend. - Pope. 2. You may break, you may shatter the vase if you will, But the scent of the roses will hang round it still. 3. Ye may trace my steps in the waking earth.-Hemans. 126. A personal pronoun used to refer to a person as spoken to, and at the same time spoken about, is called a personal pronoun of the second person. Note that the personal pronouns, he, she, and they, in the following sentences are used to refer to persons. spoken about, without at the same time speaking to them. 1. He was ever precise in promise keeping.-Shakespeare. 2. She is not made to be the admiration of everybody. 3. What persons are by starts, they are by nature. Burke. - Sterne. 127. A personal pronoun used to refer to a person as spoken about, but not at the same time spoken to, is called a personal pronoun of the third person. |