A.

ABBREVIATIONS, bad ones, 27; good
ones, 28.

Adjectives, unwise advice to young
writers concerning use of, 118. See
Adverbs.

Adverbs, incorrect use of, with infini-
tive, 43; incorrect use of, for adjec
tives, and vice versa, 47; statement
of general principle concerning cor-
rect use of, 47; proper position of,
135.

Ambiguity, of general terms and com-
mon words, 68-72. See Pronouns.
Analogy, the canon of, 13; arguments
from, defined by Whately and Mill,
213-215; false analogies, 215-217;
fanciful analogies, 217, 218.
Ancient usage, the canon of, 16.
And, proper and improper uses of,
116; and which, 44. See Conjunc-
tions; Connectives.

Anglo-Saxon, words from, compared
with words from Latin, 74-79.
Antecedent Probability, arguments

from, nature of, 193; vary in force,
194; value of, 194; misuse of, 196;
writers of fiction mainly rely on,
196; logical and chronological se-
quence coincide in, 197; signs
strengthened by, 209; when espe-
cially necessary, 230.

Antithesis, aid to brevity, 126; value
of, 129; Burke's effective use of,
130, 131; mock, 131; excessive use
of, Macaulay an example, 131.
Argumentative Composition, of what
the body of every, consists, 184, 185;
importance to reasoner of having
distinct proposition in mind, 185;
a term is not a proposition, 186-188;
upon what cogency of Proof de-

pends, 188; material of arguments,
189; logical forms of, 190; same ar-
gument may be in various logical
forms, 191; same argument may be
used directly or indirectly, 192;
when argument may be said to
prove too much, 192; direct and
indirect, 193; classification of, 193:
importance of a Good Arrangement,
226; only most general rules for
Arrangement can be given, 227,
228; consideration of question as
to whether Proposition or Proof
should come first, 227-229; Propo
sition should be clear and brief,
229; arguments of each division
of classification useful, 230; order
of Proof, 230-232; Refutation, 233;
when to waive a point, 233, 234;
expediency of treating opponents
fairly, 234, 235; unanswerable ar-
guments on each side, 235; place
for Refutation, 236; order of Refuta-
tion, 236; other things being equal,
the shorter the Exordium or Pero-
ration the better, 245–247.
Arrangement, the ideal, 129; natural
the best, 151. See Argumentative
Composition; Method; Sentences.
Authority, argument from, 207, 208.
See Sign.

B.

BARBARISMS, defined, and of what
they consist, 19; summary consid-
eration of, with remarks of Jonson,
Pope, Arnold, and Dryden, 28-30.
Beauty. See Elegance.
Begging the question, 196.
Bombast, 150.

Brevity, the canon of, 14; importance
of, 109; devices for obtaining, 125,

126; caution against misplaced, 128;
importance of, in statement of Prop-
osition, 223; necessary in Introduc-
tion and Conclusion, 245-247. See
Conciseness.

Burden of Proof, defined, 219; general

rule for, in courts of law, 219;
same principle applicable in Argu-
mentative Composition as in courts
of law, 219; consideration of ques-
tion as to whether Burden of Proof
shifts at same time with Presump-
tion, 224; never to be assumed un-
necessarily, 225.

But, proper and improper uses of, 116.
See Conjunctions; Connectives.

C.

CASE. See Nominative; Possessive;
Objective.

Circumlocution, the, a form of Ver-
bosity, 121; useful ones, 122; weak
ones, 123; sources of, 124.
Clauses. See Sentences.
Clearness, importance of, 65; diffi-

cult to attain even under most fa-
vorable conditions, 65; these re-
marks applied to Macaulay, 65;
main secret of Macaulay's success,
66; a relative quality, 67; distinc-
tion between precision and, 67-70;
particular terms generally clear, 84;
the use of too many words a sin
against, 109; requisites of, what
is distinct in thought should be
distinct in expression, 135; empha-
sis on unimportant words hostile to,
139; brief definition of, 162. See
Force.

Climax, aid to brevity, 126; the, how
constituted, 133; advantages of,
133, 134; the anti, - effective as a
weapon of irony, 135; principle of,
applies to reasoning as well as to
style, 231.

Composition, three things that should

be regarded in every spoken or
written, 63; the unity of, its impor-
tance, 158; how to be acquired, 161;
the four requisites of good, 162. See
Argumentative Composition.
Conciseness, a relative quality, 109;
caution against excessive, 110. See
Brevity.

Conclusion, defined, 184.
Conjunctions, incorrect use of, before
relative pronouns, 44; rule for use

of as and than, 45; use of than as
preposition in phrase than whom
an exception to, 46; incorrect_use
of or with neither, 46. See Con-
nectives.

Connectives, omission of, 107; value
of judicious use of, 108; misuse of,
116, 117; proper position of those
known as correspondents, 136.
Correctness of expression, importance
of, 1; requisites to, 2; brief defini-
tion of, 162.

Correspondents, position of, 136.
Custom, the mistress of language,—
Ben Jonson, 29.

D.

DEDUCTION, defined, 189.
Definitions, when necessary, 70.
Divided usage, room for argument in
case of, 11.

E.

ELEGANCE, defined, 100; opposed to
Vulgarity, 100; opposed to use of
word in two senses in the same sen-
tence, 101; opposed to use of verbal
nouns in -ing, 101, 102; contrasted
with Force, 102, 103; requires that
emphasis should not be thrown on
unimportant word, 139; brief defi-
nition of, 162.

Eloquence, remarks on, by R. W.
Emerson, 67.

English, good, false tests of, 2, 3; de-
fined, 5; true test of, 5; offences
against, 19.

English language, classification of
offences against usage of, 19; un-
dergoes comparatively few changes
of form, 31; is composite, 78.
Enthymeme, exemplified, 191.
Epithets, redundant ones, 118; ser-
viceable ones, 119, 120.

Etymological theory in the choice and
use of words, 3, 74; why of little
practical use, 74-78; probable origin
of. 78.

Euphemisms, how they arise, 83.
Euphony, the canon of, 14, 15; undue
weight not to be given to, 15.
Exaggerating method of Persuasion,
241.
Example, arguments from, nature of,
209; real and invented examples,
210; invented examples that are

antecedently improbable have no
force, 210, 211; real examples vary
in force, 211; argumentative and
illustrative examples, 212; argu-
ments from analogy one of the most
common forms of arguments from,
defined by Whately and Mill,

213-215.

Exordium, model of, 245; qualities of
a good, 245-247.
Experts, testimony of, 203.
Extenuating method of Persuasion,

241.

Extremes in number of words, to be
avoided, 110.

F.

FACT, matters of, distinguished from
matters of opinion, 201-203.
Fallacies of confusion, what they are;
how caused; extract from Mills's
Logic concerning, 71.

Fastidiousness, excessive, in the use of
language, 3-5.

Feelings, true relation between facts
and, 238; how to reach, 239.
Fiction, argument in, from Antece-
dent Probability, 196; from Exam-
ple, 210, 211.

Fine writing, vulgarity of, 79, 80; de-
sire to be humorous a potent cause
of, 80; designation of specific object
by a general term one form of, 81-83.
Force, meaning and value of, 84, 85;
in majority of cases to be attained
by Clearness, 85; exceptions to this
rule, 86, 87; how plain prose may
be superior to figurative language,
98; to be gained by use of words
of which the sound suggests the
meaning, 99; contrasted with Ele-
gance, 102, 103; the use of too
many words a sin against, 109; re-
quires that important words should
be in emphatic places, 142; gram-
matical limitation on this rule in
English, 143; brief definition of,
162.

Frigid writing, what it is, and how it
arises, 95, 96.

GALLICISMS, 55.

G.

General terms. See Terms.
Grammar, basis of Rhetoric, 1.
Grammatical purity, defined, 2.

I.

ILLUSION, how produced, 171; three
methods mentioned, 171; I., with
examples, 172–174; II., with exam-
ples, 174, 175; III., with examples,
176-178.

Improprieties, defined, 19; examples
of, in which sound misleads, 50-52;
in which resemblance in sense mis-
leads, 52-54; in which both mislead,
54, 55; of foreign origin, 55; illus-
trations of, 58-60; in phrases, 61;
sometimes rhetorically defensible,
61, 62. See Tautology.
Induction, defined, 189.
Inference, defined, 184.

Infinitive, incorrect use of, with ad-
verb, 43.

-Ing, words in, 43, 101.
Irony, defined, 193.

L.

LANGUAGE, fastidiousness in the use
of, remarks of Walter Savage
Landor, 3-5; only one sound prin-
ciple of judgment in the use of, 5;
analogy between law and, 10, 11;
subject to change, 19; Swift's
strange proposal concerning, 20;
the fashion of, 20; how it grows,
24; figurativeness of, 93, 94; in
what, as an art of communication, it
differs from painting and sculpture,
167; limitations of, 168, 169; crea-
tive power of, 178-180.

Latin, words from, compared with
words from Anglo-Saxon, 74-79.
Latinisms, 55.

Logic, province of formal, 190; prov-
ince of inductive, and in what it
differs from Rhetoric, 190; sequence
of, distinguished from chronologi-
cal, 197.

M.

METAPHOR, the, differs from simile
only in form, 90; its superiority to
simile, 90; reason for, 91; when
simile is preferable to, 91, 92; use
of both forms combined, 92, 93;
mixed metaphors, 96-98.
Method, defined, 181; not always es-

sential, 181; paramount importance

of, to narrative, 181; habit of, char-
acteristic of educated men, 181-183.
See Arrangement.
Metonymy. See Synecdoche.

N.

NARRATIVE, essentials of a good,
167; importance of movement to a,
167-180; of method to a, 181-183.
Negatives, double, erroneous use of
some forms of, 49.

Nominative case, use of, for objective
case, 45.

Nouns, incorrect use of singular and
plural, 32; incorrect use of singular,
with plural verb, 33, 34.

Number of words. See Words.

0.

OBJECTIVE. See Nominative.
Obscurity, in pronouns, 72-74.
Omission, faults of, 35, 36; of essen-
tial part of verb from sentence, 36;
of words necessary to complete
sense, 37; of grammatical connec-
tion between a word and rest of
sentence, 38; of the article, 104;
of necessary words, 106; of connec-
tives, 107; of words in imaginative
writing, 107.

Opinion, matters of, distinguished
from matters of fact, 201-203.
Order. See Argumentative Composi-
tion; Sentences.

P.

PAINTING and Sculpture, limitations
of, as arts of communication, 167,
168.

Paragraphs, value of, 125; formation
of, 157.

Paraphrase, the, a form of Verbosity,
120, 121.

Parenthetical expressions, position of,
140.

Participles, incorrect use of, 42; dis-
tinction between, and verbal nouns
in -ing, 43.

Periodic sentence. See Sentences.
Periphrasis, the. See Circumlocution.
Peroration, qualities of a good, 245-
247; model of, 245.

Personification, one of the most forci-
ble tropes, 88, 89; dangers of, 89.
Perspicuity, the canon of, 12, 13. See
Clearness.

Persuasion, why a necessary form of
Argumentative Composition, 237;
how to influence the will, 237; true
relation between facts and feelings,
238; how to reach the feelings,
239-241; exaggerating and exten-
uating methods, 241; reputation
speaker should have, 242; disadvan-
tages of reputation for eloquence,
242-244.

Petitio principii, 196, 211.
Phrases, improprieties in, 61.
Pleonasm. See Redundancy.
Plural. See Nouns; Pronouns.
Possessive case, incorrect use of, 48;
Marsh's rule for, 48.

Precision, distinction between Clear-
ness and, 67-70.

Premises, defined, 184, 190.
Prepositions, use of wrong, 47.
Presumption, defined, 220; of law,
220, 221; of fact, 221-223; how to
be overcome, 223; one method of
rebutting a, is to raise a counter-
presumption, 223; shifts from side
to side, 224.

Probability, preponderance of, 206.
See Antecedent Probability.
Progressive tendency, argument from.
See Sign.

Prolixity, a form of Verbosity, 124,
125.

Pronouns, incorrect use of those that
differ in number from their ante-
cedents, 32, 33; incorrect use of sin-
gular, with plural verb, 33, 34; in-
correct use of either or any one,
the former, the first, &c., 49; com-
ment on use of phrase the last of
two, 49; obscure or equivocal, 72;
no fault more common than obscure
or ambiguous use of, 72; examples,
72-74; proper position of, 137.
Proof, defined, 181; what it compre-
hends, 188. See Argumentative
Composition; Burden of

Proper names of foreign extraction,
foreign fashions in spelling, 25-

27.

Proposition, defined, 184. See Argu-
mentative Composition.

Provincialisms, instances of, 7.
Proving too much, 192.

Purity, grammatical. See Correct-
ness of Expression.