lar sense, instead of the word mind or soul,* as if the heart were considered the receptacle for the treasures of knowledge of whatever description, whether good or evil, or were the centre and seat of the several emotions and affections of the mind. The heart merely sympathizes with the emotions of the mind, and often becomes under their influence excited to greatly accelerated action, dangerously so, when the mind's emotions of joy or fear are excessive. When it is said in Scripture, "The evil man, out of the evil treasure of his heart," &c., the word heart may be taken in the sense of mind or spirit. Thus "The evil man, out of the evil treasure of his mind, or spirit, bringeth forth evil things," evil words, or ideas, evil communications, which corrupt good manners. But the good man, out of the good treasure of his mind, bringeth forth good things, good words or converse, excellent and good communications, which, instead of corrupting, may both edify, instruct, and minister grace

* Greek word κapdía and the Latin cor may be translated either mind or heart.

to the hearers. For out of the abundance of the mind, whatever that abundance may consist of, whether good or bad, the mouth speaketh :-affording a criterion whereby to form some judgment of the good or bad complexion of people's minds, or of the good or bad quality of their mind's treasures: every tree is known by its fruits.

But what far surpasses eating and drinking,—laughing and tuning,—for the tongues of birds can aid the operation of eating and drinking, and the tongues of beasts can do the same. The tongues of birds can chirp, and whistle, and sing, and even laugh, as cockatoos, and chatter, and make unmeaning noises, and those of beasts can bellow and bray, beyond which they cannot go. But the tongue of man does not stop here; it is pre-eminently qualified to go beyond, and to surpass all these; it has a further and more excellent gift,-the gift of speech, and principally on that account becomes the most useful little member the communicative and intelligent mind hath; a member that hath made many a member's fortune

when called upon by his mind to give expression to his ideas audibly in the most impressive and brilliant style, that his ideas and observations may be heard and understood, and afterwards read in the papers by other learned and kindred minds. This astonishing feat the tongue performs in any language, accordingly as the speaker's mind may be able to dictate; he therefore talks, or makes a set speech, varying in quality according to the greater or less intelligence of the mind. How needful is it therefore that minds should be well stored with the good treasures of wisdom and knowledge!

SECTION VI.-THE MIND, OR SPIRIT.

The seat and residence of the mind, in its frail, carnal, living and moving tenement of dust, is said to be in the fore part of the cranium or head, which also serves many important purposes. First serving as a dwelling-house, having windows in it, the eyes, the windows of the soul, through which

the mind or soul looks abroad, also other open avenues to it, as the ears.

By means of these and several other avenues, various kinds of information and intelligence are promptly conveyed to the mind's sensorium. For many centuries before the invention of printing, that is for upwards of 5495 years, the ear was the chief avenue whereby the knowledge and ideas of one mind were conveyed to other minds, by means of words audibly expressed. For the mind of man, as Locke observes, "has no innate ideas, for it can be shown how the minds of men come by all or any part of learning."

Manuscript served till the time of Wm. Caxton up to about 400 years since. Doubtless writing was invented at a very early period, probably by the ancient Egyptians, some of whose rude performances in the art of penmanship, supposed to have been scribed with reeds, such as the Roman calamus or reed, (calamo et atramento, Cic.) written on papyrus, are preserved in the British Museum. But manuscript works

were scarce, and out of the reach of the commonalty, being mostly in the hands of the several authors, or their heirs or assigns, as private property, who no doubt obtained a living by employing scribes to copy them for sale, at a high price to the rich.

Secondly: what is more remarkable, the mind's knowledge-box, as the head is often familiarly termed, serves as a store-room, or warehouse, for any amount of knowledge that may be crammed or imported into it, without any danger of its walls, which are in some cases of great thickness, being cracked or giving way.

As the stomach requires food, so the mind also requires food, possessing like the former greater or less powers of digestion. The food of the former, which may be termed omnivorous, is altogether of a material, carnal, and perishable nature; but the food of the latter, being all kinds of knowledge, is immaterial, uncarnal, and comparatively spiritual and imperishable as the mind or memory itself, provided it be not confined exclusively to earthly, carnal, and sensual