the heading of one of the chapters of "Advancement of Learning."

"The art of judgment divided into induction and the syllogism-Induction developed in the Novum Organum-The syllogism divided into direct and inverse reduction-Inverse reduction divided into the doctrine of analytics and confutations-The division of the latter into confutations of sophisms, the unmasking of vulgarisms (equivocal terms), and the destruction of delusive images or idols-Delusive appearances divided into idola tribus, idola specus and idola fori-Appendix to the art of judgment-The adapting the demonstration to the nature of the subject." This was all in Latin, and it is doubtful if a trio of men in the kingdom knew what it meant.

In the "Novum Organum" Bacon invented a nomenclature suited to his fancy of the subject, but so rude and inappropriate as never to have been accepted by any others, such as "Idols of the Tribe," "Idols of the Den," "Idols of the Market," and "Idols of the Theatre," to describe races, individuals, commerce and false theories. Under the latter head he included everything not his own-in

his own words, "All the systems of philosophy hitherto received or imagined." He also originated such terms as "twitching instances" and "lancing instances," because the former "twitched the understanding" and the latter "pierced nature." King James' frank avowal apparently cost him no blushes. To have affected an understanding of the work or an interest in it, would only have made him singular, perhaps ridiculous. Macaulay says, "The faults of James, both as a man and a prince, were numerous, but insensibility to the claims of genius and learning was not among them."

Ben Jonson in his "Discoveries," after stating that few could get beyond the introduction to this work, says, "It is a book." It was called the "Novum Organum" because it was intended to supplant Aristotle's "Organon," and was first published in 1620, during a period when, by the assertions of his friends, he was too busy with political affairs to spare time to write plays. As a further rebuttal of that assumption it may be stated that he held no office under the government for the last six years of his life, but spent all his time in literary

pursuits. The "Novum Organum" was issued just prior to this period of retirement.

The tone of his speculative works drew forth the criticism that he "wrote philosophy like a Lord Chancellor," and Coke said of his "Novum Organum"

"It deserves not to be read in schools,

But to be freighted in the ship of fools."

which simile was suggested by a device on the title-page, of a ship passing the Pillars of Hercules. The legal bent of his mind was so strong that he could not, or would not, drop its idiom even in his philosophic and scientific works, and when he attempted narrative-as in the "New Atlantis "-he adopted a scriptural phraseology as suited to the gravity of his mind and fancy.

In book VI., Devey Edition, "Advancement of Learning," Bacon treats of method of speech, wisdom of delivery, etc. Rhetoric he calls "traditive prudence," and says of it, "A third collection wanting to the apparatus of rhetoric is what we call lesser forms, and these are a kind of portals, postern doors, outer rooms, back rooms, and passages of speech, which may serve indifferently for all subjects, such as pre

faces, conclusions, digressions, transitions, etc. For, as in a building, a good distribution of the frontispiece, staircases, doors, windows, entries, passages and the like is not only agreeable but useful, so in speeches, if the accessories or underparts be decently and skilfully contrived and placed, they are of great ornament and service to the whole structure of the discourse."

This is certainly the "apparatus" of rhetoric and is mechanical to the plainest degree. It is a most ordinary conception of the subject of elegant literature. It would, in these times, excite the ridicule of a boy's schoolmates. It is too dull for Shakespeare's fools. If Shakespeare had written about the doors, windows, back rooms, and staircases of speech, he would have put it in the mouth of a Dogberry and would have mingled some drollery with it, to make its absurdity amusing.

Bacon's historians say he considered even the versification of the psalms a "culpable waste of time;" yet one great student" (at least) is not influenced by such testimony, and he is said to have accumulated tons of evidence to prove not only that he wrote plays greater in volume than his scientific works, but that he

had the time, patience and ingenuity to insert an arithmetical device in them to attest his authorship.

It would not be more incongruous to suppose Beethoven running a drum movement, containing some occult alphabetical symbol, through his symphonies, than to imagine that such compositions as Shakespeare's could be accompanied by anything so cheap and mechanical. Some even go to Shakespeare's grave to find evidence of Bacon's work. If such testimony were to be found in an epitaph, how much more reasonable it would be to look for it at Bacon's tomb. An inscription containing a cipher that would reveal a secret, might have been placed there without attracting any attention, which could not have been done at Stratford; but, instead of such a scheme, this is what Devey says of his grave : "He was buried in St. Michael's Church, St. Albans, by the side of his mother. A monument was soon after erected to his memory by his secretary, Sir Thomas Meantys, which represents him in a sitting posture, with an inscription which strangely parodies the sublime opening of the instauration, 'Franciscus Bacon,