and in the woman by the loss of her nose
The Greeks put out the eyes of the
alterers Among the Romans, it was

ided by banfibment, cutting off the
ass, and by sewing the adulterers
stocks, and throwing them into the
rging, buraing, &c. In Spain.
Poland they were almost as severe
Saxons formerly burat the adul
ter and over her ashes erected a
gibbet, whereon the adulterer was hang
King Edmund in this kingdom, or-
the deed adultery to be punished in the
same manner as homicide. Canute or
dered the man to be banished, and the
woman to have her nose and ears cut off.
Modern punishments, in different na
Paley, tions, do not seem to be so severe. In
Britain it is reckoned a spiritual offence
and is cognizable by the spiritual courts
where it is punished by fine and pe
nasce See Paley's Moral and Politica
Phlaply, p. 30, vol. i. 12th edition.

AERIANS, a branch of Arians in
the reign of Constantine, who held that
there was no difference between bishops
and priests; a doctrine maintained by
many modera divines, particularly of
the presbyterian and reformed churches.
The sect received its denomination from
The mar- Aerius, who founded his doctrine on 1
Gal and Tim. iv. 14. See EPISCOPACY.

AETIANS, those who maintained
which approach that the Son and Holy Ghost were in all
The married things dissimilar to the Father. They
crime little received their name from Actius, one of
of a the most zealous defenders of Arianism,

who was born in Syria, and flourished
about the year 336. Besides the opinions
trans-which the Actians held in common with
far, the Arians, they maintained that faith
hey are without works was sufficient to salva-
bution; and that no sin, however grievous,
the guilt would be imputed to the faithful. Ae
treated tias, moreover, affirmed that what God
Justifica-bad concealed from the apostles, he had
that the revealed to him.

www dependsAFFECTION, in a philosophical
al flelity sense, refers to the manner in which we
Appears founded are affected by any thing for a continu-
ris terms of ance, whether painful or pleasant: but
the legis in the most common sense, it may be
arriage defined to be a settled bent of mind to
pon the wards a particular being or ning. It
de, can by bolds a middle place between disposi
alation Toties on the one hand, and passion on the
adery," it must ever other. It is distinguishable from dis
an interdiet de-position, which being a branch of one's
This crime bas nature originally,must exist before there
all ages and na-can be an opportunity to exert it upon
was punished any particular object; whereas affection
where either can never be original, because having
Lorbeth Among a special relation o a particular ob
The man was ject, it cannot exist till the object have
once, at least, been presented. It is alsc

distinguishable from passion, which, and we have a perception of the moral depending on the real or ideal presence excellency of divine things; and lastly, of its object, vanishes with its object; whether our affections have a holy tenwhereas affection is a lasting connexion, dency and produce the happy effects of and, like other connexions, subsists, obedience to God, humility in ourselves, even when we do not think of the or and justice to our fellow creatures. As jects. [See DISPOSITION and PASSION.] this is a subject worthy of close attenThe affections, as they respect religion, tion, the reader may consult Lord Kaim's deserve in this place a little attention. Elements of Criticism, vol. ii. p. 517; EdThey may be defined to be "the vigor- wards on the Affections; Pike and Hayous and sensible exercises of the incli- ward's Cases of Conscience; Watts' Use nation and will of the soul towards re- and Abuse of the Passions; M'Laurin's ligious objects." Whatever extremes Essays, sect. 5 and 6, where this subject stoics or enthusiasts have run into, it is masterly handled. is evident that the exercise of the affec-1 AFFLICTION, that which causes a tions is essential to the existence of true sensation of pain. Calamity or distress religion. It is true, indeed, "that all of any kind. The afflictions of the saints affectionate devotion is not wise and are represented in the scripture, as ap rational; but it is no less true, that all pointed, 1 Thes. iii. 3. Job v. 6, 7; nu wise and rational devotion must be affec- merous, Ps. xxxiv. 19; transient, 2 Cor. tionate." The affections are the springs iv. 17. Heb. x. 37; and, when sanctified. of action; they belong to our nature, so beneficial, 1 Pet. i. 6. Ps. cxix. 67, 71. that with the highest perceptions of They wean from the world; work sub truth and religion, we should be inactive mission; produce humility; excite to without them. They have considerable diligence; stir up to prayer; and conform influence on men in the common con- us to the divine image. To bear them cerns of life; how much more, then, should they operate in those important objects that relate to the Divine Being, the immortality of the soul, and the hap. piness or misery of a future state! The religion of the most eminent saints has always consisted in the exercise of holy affections. Jesus Christ himself affords us an example of the most lively and vigorous affections; and we have every reason to believe that the employment of heaven consists in the exercise of them. In addition to all which, the scriptures of truth teach us, that religion is nothing, if it occupy not the affections. Deut. vi. 4, 5. Deut. xxx. 6. Rom. xii. 11. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. Ps. xxvii. 14.

with patiet ce, we should consider our own unworthiness; the design of God in sending them; the promises of support under them; and the real good they are productive of. The afflictions of a good man, says an elegant writer, never befall without a cause, nor are sent but upon a proper errand. These storms are never allowed to risebut in order to dispel some noxious vapours, and restore salubrity to the moral atmosphere. Who that for the first time beheld the earth in the midst of winter, bound up with frost, or drenched in floods of rain, or covered with snow, would have imagined that Nature, in this dreary and torpid state, was working towards its own re novation in the spring? Yet we by experience know that those vicissitudes of winter are necessary for fertilizing the earth; and that under wintry rains and snows lie concealed the seeds of those roses that are to blossom in the spring; of those fruits that are to ripen in the summer; and of the corn and wine which are in harvest to make glad the heart of man. It would be more agreeable to us to be always entertained with a fair and clear atmosphere, with cloudless skies, and perpetual sunshine; yet in such climates as we have most know. ledge of, the earth, were it always to Now, in order to ascertain whether remain in such a state, would refuse to our affections are excited in a spiritual yield its fruits; and, in the midst of our manner, we must enquire whether that imagined scenes of beauty, the starved which moves our affections be truly inhabitants would perish for want of spiritual, whether our consciences be food. Let us, therefore, quietly submit alarmed, and our hearts impressed; to Providence. Let us conceive this life whether the judgment be enlightened, to be the winter of our existence. Now

A distinction, however, must be made between what may be merely natural, and what is truly spiritual. The affections may be excited in a natural way under ordinances by a natural impression. Ezek. xxxiii. 32; by a natural sympathy, or by the natural temperament of our constitution. It is no sign that our affections are spiritual because they are raised very high; produce great effects on the body; excite us to be very zealous in externals; to be always conversing about ourselves, &c. These things are often found in those who are only mere professors of religion, Matt. vii. 21, 22.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by

CRISSY & MARKLEY,

the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

KNOWLEDGE, in a great measure, forms the true dignity and happiness of man it is that by which he holds an honourable rank in the scale of being, and by which he is rendered capable of adding to the felicity of his fellow-creatures Every attempt, therefore, to enlarge its boundaries, and facilitate its acquisition. must be considered as worthy of our attention and regard. The present work is designed to promote these valuable and important ends.

The plan of conveying knowledge by dictionaries has been long established, and well received in the republic of letters. A dictionary, however, of a religious and ecclesiastical nature, was still a desideratum in the religious world; for although we have had dictionaries which explained Scripture terms, yet it is evident these could not embrace the history of the church since the sacred canon was concluded, nor explain the numerous terms which have been used; nor, indeed, point out the various sects and denominations which have subsisted since that time. I do not mean, by these remarks, to depreciate the valuable works above referred to: I am sensible of their excellences, and I have no wish to undervalue them in order to exalt my own This work, however, is of a dif ferent nature, as the reader will easily see. if he takes the trouble to compare and examine.

There may, doubtless, be defects in this publication, which may have escaped my attention; but whoever considers the various books that must have been consulted; the discriminations that were necessary to be made; the patient investigation required; and the toil of selecting, transcribing, and composing, must be convinced that it has been attended with no small difficulty. The advantages, however, which my own mind derived from the work, and the proba bility of its being useful to others, greatly encouraged me in its prosecution. Besides, to be active, to be useful, to do something for the good of mankind, 1 have always considered as the honour of an intelligent being. It is not the student wrapt up in metaphysical subtilties; it is not the recluse living in perpetual solitude; it is not the miser who is continually amassing wealth, that can be considered as the greatest ornaments or the greatest blessings to human society: it is rather the useful than the shining talent that is to be coveted.

Perhaps it may be said, the work is tinctured too much with my own senti ments, and that the theology is too antiquated to please a libera, philosophising and refined age. In answer to this, I observe, that I could do no other, as an honest man, than communicate what I believed to be the truth. It is a false liberality to asquiesce with every man's opinion, to fall in with every man's scheme, to trifle with error, or imagine there is no difference between one senti. ment and another: yet, notwithstanding this declaration, I trust the features of bigotry are not easily discernible in this work; and that, while I have endeavoured to carry the torch of Truth in my hand, I have not forgotten to walk in the path of Candour.

It is almost needless here to say, that I have availed myself of all the writings of the best and most eminent authors I could obtain Whatever has struck ine as important in ecclesiastical history; whatever good and accurate in definition; whatever just views of the passions of the human mind; whatever terms used in the religious world; and whatever instructive and impressive in the systems of divinity and moral philosophy, I have endeavoured to incorporate in this work. And in order to prevent its being a dry detail of terms and of dates, I have given the substance of what has been generally advanced on each subject, and occasionally selected some of the most interesting practical passages from our best and celebrated sermons. I trust, therefore, it will not only be of use to inform the mind, but impress the heart; and thas promote the real good of the reader. The critic, however, may be disposed to be severe; and it will, perhaps, be easy for him to observe imperfections But be this as it may: I can assure him I feel myself happy in the idea that the work is not intended to serve a party, to encourage bigotry, nor strengthen prejudice, but "for the service of Truth, by one who would be glad to attend and grace her triumphs; as her sol dier, if he has had the honour to serve successfully under her banner; or as a captive tied to her chariot wheels. if he has, though undesignedly, committed any offence against her." After all, however, what a learned author said of another work I say of this:-"If it have merit. it will go down to posterity; if it have none, the sooner it dies and is forgot the better"

CHARLES BUCK.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE increasing demand for WOODWARD'S larger edition of BUCK'S THEOLO GICAL DICTIONARY, has induced the publisher to print an edition suitable for a pocket, or travelling companion. The work, however, is NOT AN ABRIDGMENT, but, on examination, will be found to contain precisely the same as the original edition, and the same number of pages. The type is sufficiently large for a book of reference, and occasional reading.

Upwards of ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND Copies of the various editions have been sold within twenty years; and the work has received and merited the patronage of almost ALL DENOMINATIONS of Christians in the UNITED STATES.

con

The present publisher have much improved this edition by an Appendix, taining an account of the Methodist, Presbyterian, and Baptist Churches, in the United States; also by a very interesting statement of the views of the Millerites, or Adventists.