, in the hall of which was held the inner | Ting (ŢA or FTA). His place at audience'), and where the sovereign on occasions feasted those whom he designed specially to honour. [Such is the general view of the palace given by Choo He. Acc. to K'ang-shing, the second gate was the 庫門, and the 雉門 was the third. Into a discussion of this point we need not enter. The gates were only gates according to our idea, in name, and included a large space, covered by a roof supported on pillars.] The place where Ching delivered his testamentary charge was probably the hall in front of his bed-chamber, a sort of throne with curtains and canopy-the-being provided for the occasion. When he had finished, either before or after the retirement of the ministers, he was removed back to his chamber, and the tent-so to name it—was carried out into the court, say all the critics, was that of 氏 " or master of the guards. If it was so, it shows the dignity of that office, that it should be held by one of the chief princes of the empire. 以二干戈虎賁百 -Gan-kwo supposed that "the two shieldand-spearmen' were Hwan and Maou themselves, and that the meaning is that these officers were sent to the prince of Ts'e to get from him a hundred of the guards under his command, whom they preceded with spear and shield, to meet the prince. But the text, as it stands, will not bear this interpretation. does seem strange, indeed, that only two men thus armed should have been selected; but so the record says. Medhurst, by mistake, took for and has rendered-two thousand spearmen.' The style might have suggested to him that he was in error. It court within the 路門. Medhurst mistook 逆子釗於南門之外-逆一 the meaning, and translated, to meet. Ts'ae and most of the other E, with reference to the ministers,-going out, they set up their tents in the courtyard.' Gaubil saw that should be referred to the king; but he translated the clause by-On detendit les rideaux, et on les remporta,' taking no notice of the 于庭 Ch. II. Pp. 11-29. PUBLIC DECLARATION OF THE KING'S CHARGE TO HIS SUCCESSOR, WITH THE VARIOUS CEREMONIES OBSERVED ON THE OCCASION. 11. Immediate measure to recognize Ch'aou as the successor to the throne. -the Grand-Guardian being also the 冡宰, or 'prime minister,' the regulation of all matters fell to him. Of Chung Hwan and Nan-keung Maou, we know nothing more than is here related. They were, no doubt, officers of trust and distinction about the court. 俾爱齊侯simply=使齊 simply=使齊 'to cause,' or 'to instruct the prince of but the has 俾=俾於, little independent meaning. Këang Shing would define it by, 'to lead,' after the but what then becomes of the is merely supplementary. , to which The prince of Ts'e was the son of 太公, the friend and | minister of king Wăn, who had been enfeoffed by Woo with the principality of Tse, the capital of which was Ying-k'ew (), in the pres. dis. of Lin-tsze, dep. of Tsing-chow, Shan-tung. Keih is known in history as duke critics suppose the 5th or the gate to be that intended. They think also that Ch'aou had been by his father's side at the time of his death, and that he went out purposely from the buildings in the rear, that he might be met thus publicly, and conducted back to be near the corpse as chief mourner. I cannot help thinking that by the south gate' we are to understand the first or outer gate of all,-the 6 This is the view of Keang Shing, who thinks further that the prince had been absent on some expedition, and that he was now returning, just in the nick of time. This last supposition appears to me unlikely. The prince may have been absent from the palace, tho' not far off, when his father died, or he may have purposely gone outside, that his entrance in such a style, which was a public declaration that he had been appointed successor to the throne, might be seen by all. ZE a wing 入翼室恤宅宗-翼室 apartment. On each side of the hall, immediately in front of the private apartments, called the 後堂, there was a 夾室, side cham ber, or wing, only not spread out, as in our idea of the wings of a house. That to which the prince was conducted was the 'side chamber on the east.' 恤 宅宗=爲憂居之宗主‘to be the lord of the mournful dwelling.' The mourning shed' called was not yet erected. At the present stage the apartment indicated in the text was the proper one for the prince to occupy. 12 純仍笺設命七命 文敷几。席間黼士日作 貝重C黼 南須癸册 仍底 純嚮綴 几席序華敷衣 綴東玉重O相越 狄 On the day Ting-maou (two days after the king's death), he ordered a record to be made of the charge, and the ceremonies to be 13 observed in publishing it. On Kwei-yew, the seventh day after, as chief of the west and premier, he ordered the proper officers to provide the wood for all the requirements of the funeral. 14 The salvage men set out the screens ornamented with figures 15 of axes, and the tents. Between the window and the door, facing the south, they placed the different mats of bamboo basket-work, with their striped borders of white and black silk; and the usual tablets), and the regulations.' For what was thus written see par. 24. The ‘regulations, are all the ceremonies connected with conveying the appointment of Ching to his son. Few, if any, students, I apprehend, will be found to adopt Këang Shing's notion, that by 度 is in prepare wood. duties to him, therefore, were so far forward, that they might proceed to the announcement of his testamentary charge. There were only the shell or outer coffin (), and what were called the to be further provided; and it was with reference to them, I suppose, that tended 册長短之數 ‘the measure of the order in this par. was given. On those the length of the tablets.' 13. An order to 明器 see the Le Ke, Bk.檀弓下, 伯相,−no doubt the Grand- Pt. i., p. 44, et al. It is not easy, however, to guardian is still intended. In the 1st par, of say definitely all that we are to understand the next Bk. he is introduced as leading for- here by Ming-shing goes more at length ward all the princes of the western regions,' and we have seen before that he and the duke of other of the critics whom I have seen. into an examination of the point than any Chow were the two chiefs,' the one having under his jurisdiction the east of the empire, and the other the west. Shih is here designated accordingly, as uniting the dignities of Chief and Premier, though it is difficult to assign a reason why the compiler of the Bk.should vary his style in so perplexing a manner. Ts'ae defines 須by 取, ‘to take, to procure;'but this meaning of the character is not found in the dict., nor is it necessary. We may take it Pp. 14–18. At four points, where the emperor had been wont to receive his guests, the arrangements are made as if he were still alive. 14. 狄設一in the Le Ke, Bk.祭統p.22, we find-翟者樂吏之賤者: and assuming that 袍 and 狄 are interchangeable, the here are commonly described as 'the attendants on the musicians.' In the 記,Pt. i., p. 3, again, we find 狄人設 谐, which is more to the point, showing that Certain 狄or狄人 were employed in performing the more servile offices at the ceremonies of funerals and mourning. I suppose they were natives of some of the wild Teih tribes; and we know that some of the or 'guards' were taken from those people. I have ventured to translate the character by our old term 'salvage,' which seems to convey a less intense meaning than savage, -we have seen the meaning of on p. 10. What was called is represented as a screen, with axe-heads figured on it, which was placed under the canopy that overshadowed the emperor, and behind him. As to the meaning of the terms, the 爾雅 Bk. II., sect. 釋宮, says that 'the space, east and west, between the window and the door, was called 展(牖戶之間 #ZA AZ Z Here the screen in question was placed; and we may believe, with many of the critics, that from its place it took its name. [The only difficulty in the way of this is that in the the character is in the 1st tone; whereas in com bination with it is pronounced in the 2d.] Anything painted or embroidered black and white alternately is said to be The 雅, sect. 釋器 says that ‘an axe is called the wooden handle being black as compar ed with the glittering head and edge. However this be, the screen about which we are concerned is called indifferently and the axe-heads on it being understood to be emblematic of the decision of the imperial determinations. We are to understand that four such screens and tents were arranged in the we must take 牖 as an abbreviation for H ;-as in the translation. 戶之間 敷重席敷設 or鋪 to spread out.' On these mats the king sat; there were three of them, one over the other; and the text would lead us to suppose that all those mentioned here were made of bamboo splints woven together, having the edges bound with silk stripes of black and white alternating is explained above; [read chun, 2d Ying-tă, however, tone) = 'a border].' quotes a passage of the Chow Le, Bk. XX., on the duties of the, which, while it throws considerable light on the text, states that the three mats were each of a difft. material, and that each had its peculiar border.-凡大朝 覲大饗射凡封國命諸侯 位設黼依依前南鄉 筵紛純加繅席畫純加 席黼純左右玉几·This passage, as translated (not quite accurately, but sufficiently so for my purpose) by Biot, is: 'En général, dans les grands réunions du printemps et de l'automne, dans les grands banquets, dans les cérémonies où l'on tire de l'arc, où un royaume est concédé en fief, où un grand dignitaire est nommé, il dispose le paravent brodé en noir et blanc, à la place que doit occuper l'empereur. Le devant du paravent fait face au midi. Il place la matte en jones fins à bordure variée. Il ajoute la natte à lisière qui a une bordure peinte. Il ajoute la natte à rangées qui a une bordure mélangée de noir et de blanc. A gauche et à droite sont les petits bancs en jade pour s'appuyer.' Gan-kwŏ thinks that this character is disputed] is the of the above passage, the topmost of the three mats, the historian not thinking it neces sary to describe the others particularly. Possibly it may be so; but the point is really not of much importance. 華玉仍几 four positions immediately indicated. Gaubil E-ZE, 'gems of varieGaubil-ZE, is wrong in translating both and gated colours. The bench was adorned with in the singular.-'L'officier appelle Tie eut such. is used as an adj., =‘usual,' ‘orsoin de mettre en état l'ecran, sur lequel etoient dinary; intimating that the bench was the représentées des haches.' We are to undersame which was used in such position by the stand also that all these and other arrangements living emperor (Œƒ were made by the direction of the Grand Guardian. The of the preceding paragraphs). Woo Ch'ing, however, explains the term differently, but by no means in so satisfactory is to be conceived to be constantly repeated. 15. The first tent and screen were placed a manner. He says: 仍几謂雖飾 in front of the ‘rear hall) belonging to the 之漆之尙仍其質其文不 private apartments, of course directly fronting the south. There the king was in the habit皆滅質也吉事尙文凶事 of giving audience to his ministers and to the princes (此平時見羣臣覲諸尙質故爾, (The benches are called 仍 侯之坐 牖間 would seem, to mean between the windows; but from the JL, because, though they were ornamented and lacquered, their proper material could still be distinguished, its substance not all concealed account of, given above from the by the ornamenting. The reason of this was 仍紛筍 嚮西仍純豐 東 儿純席敷夾儿雕席敷序 ○漆玄重南○玉畫重西 16 bench and adorned with different-coloured gems. In the side space on the west, facing the east, they placed the different rush mats, with their variegated border; and the usual bench adorned with veined 17 tortoise-shell. In the side space on the east, facing the west, they put the different mats of fine grass, with their border of painted 18 silk; and the usual bench carved and adorned with gems. Before the western side-chamber, facing the south, they placed the different mats of fine bamboo, with their dark mixed border; and the usual lacquered bench. that in festive matters the ornamental takes the K'ang-shing thinks that bamboo mats, the splints prominence; but on occasions of mourning and sorrow, the simple and substantial. Perhaps very fine, were intended (UÂM we ought to translate in the plural, acc. to. It is really all guess work. the pass. of the Chow Le just referred to. about a line with the pillars that supported the is supposed to have the sense of variegated.' At this point the emp. comp. on last par. feasted his ministers and the elders of the king 17. 東序西嚮 dom (此養國老饗羣臣之坐). great or superior mats.' Mats made of a kind of grass called (hwan) are probably meant ;-why they were named roof. These walls were originally called the I cannot tell. The 集傳 calls them 序 acc. to the 爾雅;東西牆謂筍席 by mistake apparently for 莞席 They were so called, as fencing, i.e., silk painted in various col or differencing between the inside and out' ours, tent here spoken of were placed, I believe, in 18. 西夾南—this appears to have been the western side apartment,' i.e., of the rear hall,' responding to that on the east, which was the 'wing apartment' (), occupied for the time by prince Ch'aou as the place of mourning. Here the emperor had his private meals south, Gaubil translates 西序 by devant 之坐) 筍席-筍 is commonly used l'appartement occidental,' and Medhurst by in the western ante-chamber;' but both are wrong. The space was not an apartment,' but a portion for the young and edible shoots of bamboo;' here it is read yun, and nicans a soft, flexible species of bamboo, of which mats were made. of the hall with its own designation. Here the-dark mixed border.' How it emperor, morning and evening, took his seat to was mixed, I don't know. Perhaps the silk listen to affairs of business (edging was all dark, but of different shades. 事之坐也 底席: bottom The 'Daily Explanation' says: mats. Ma Yung, Wang Suh, and Gan-kwo,иÉZBZ. all say that these mats (or at least the bottom one of them) were made of green rushes or reeds;' and I have so translated. VOL. III. The reason, it is said, for preparing all these places, as if king Ching had been still alive, was to afford so many resting places for his spirit, which it was presumed would be present 70 19 在大圖玉序大陳越 西貝之在天大琰訓寶玉 房舞東球玉在弘赤五 兌鼓衣序河夷西璧刀重 They set forth also the five kinds of gems, and the precious things of display. There were the red knife, the great lessons, the large convex symbol of gem, and the rounded and pointed maces,— all in the side space on the west; the large gem, the gems from the wild tribes of the east, the heavenly sounding stone, and the river plan, all in the side-chamber on the east; the dancing habits of Yin, the large tortoise-shell, and the large drum,-all at the ceremony of communicating his dying charge to his son. They could not tell at what particular spot it would choose to be, and therefore would enable it to have a choice. As Ts'ae tended by those terms; but from the Chow Le, Bk. XX., on the duties of the, we learn that there was one 'gem-token' called, and expresses it, 將傳先王顧命知神 another called 琰. They were each 9 inches ZEE 平生之坐 P. 19. Display of various precious relics. 越玉五重陳寶,一this clause covers long:- the former rounded, expressive of good will; the other pointed, expressive of sharp severity against evil. All these articles were exhibited in the western side-space,' behind the screen, &c., of p. 16. 大玉至東 the rest of the par., which gives in detail the 'great gem-stone;' but said by gems and precious relics, with the places in which they were set forth. Ying-tă has noticed Kang-shing to be from mount Hwa. E this construction of the par.:-gem-stones contributed by the E, or wild tribes 下總目下復分别言之 I 6 of the east.' Ts'ae would take as-, common,' which does not seem at all so likely -see for the meaning take passively, and understand a be- a meaning. 天球 fore 玉, governing both it and 寶 刀一 赤of 球 -'the red knife.' This was, no doubt, a knife which had been distinguished at some time in the history of the empire. It would be of no use wearying ourselves, as the critics have done in vain, to discover what knife it was. Concerning the great lessons' Gaubil enquires: Was this the history of the empire, or some Book of religion or morals? or the one and the other?' We might put such questions indefinitely. Wang Suh thought we were to understand the Canons and Counsels of Parts I. and II. Ts'ae would go farther back, to the Books of the three and five mentioned by Gan-kwo in his Introduction to the Shoo; but he thinks the lessons of Wăn and Woo may also -see on Bk. VI., p. 4, where also the duke of Chow is represented as holding a mace (F) in his hand. in his hand. To the imperial, 'maces,' or 'sceptres,' belonged the From the text we should naturally have concluded that one article was in be included!), 弘(大)璧 on the Yih and Tseih,' p. 9. Gaubil means 'the heavenly sphere, thinks that 天球 n a celestial globe, or something else, to represent the movement of the stars.' But the use of the character for 'a globe' is quite modern. 河圖−this was some scheme to represent the first suggestions of the eight diagrams of Fuh-he. The fable was, that a dragon-horse came forth from the waters of the Ho, having marks or signs on his back, from which that emperor got his idea. See what is said on the 'Book of Lŏ,' p. 321. 之 see on the name of Pt. III., Bk. IV. -'great tortoise-shell.' Among the gifts by which the friends of king Wan propitiated the tyrant Show, when he had confined the rising chief in prison, mention is made of a tortoise-shell curved as the pole of a carriage. There was a drum under the Chow dyn., called, made 8 feet long. That in the text, however, would probably be a similar |