passages and terms, gives the same, only including parr. 22-28 in one. Many critics make more to do than is necessary about the want of historical order in the Book, and suppose that portions have been lost, and other portions transposed. I have already given my opinion that the first paragraph in The Announcement to the Prince of Kang' should be the first par. here. As to other portions being lost, the Book may be explained without resorting to so violent a supposition. It is not by any means so plain as it might be, but I am inclined to think that it is as plain as it ever was. The first paragraph from the Announcement to the Prince of Kang. For the reasons why this par. should be edited here and not as a portion of Bk. IX., see page 383. 哉生魄 三月 -see on Bk. III., pp. 1 and 4. This would be the 16th day of the month. In the last Book, pp. 4-6, we saw that on the 12th day of the 3d month, the duke of Chow arrived tion' takes this as= The duke of Chow himself and all with him laboured diligently.' Gan-kwo explains it as in the translation. I understand as meaning that the duke now announced in a general way the works which were to be executed, preparatory to the specifications which were issued five days after Ch. I. Pp. 1-3. THE DUKE'S MESSAGE TO THE KING, INFORMING HIM WHAT HE HAD DONE, a controversy which it is not easy to settle on restore the government.' He explains the whole par. thus:一周公盡禮致敬言我 ZK at Lo; on the 14th and 15th, he sacrificed to Heaven and Earth, and to the spirit of the land,, "The duke of Chow, in the most cerewhile on the 21st he was ready with specifications of all the works which were to be executed. It would appear from this par. that on the 16th he made a commencement with the foundations of some of the works. 下都之建焉, he made the new great city on the east of Ching Chow, in the territory of the city of Lo, and there was the building both of the imperial city and of the lower capital.' This may be understood by referring to the note monious way and with the utmost reverence, said, "I return the government of the intelligent sovereign to you, my son." By his son he meant king Ching, who was now 20, and full grown. It was requisite that the duke should retirement in his old age." This interpretation, return the govt. to him, and withdraw into which is still held by many, was not doubted till the Sung dynasty, when the critic Wang Wang Gan-shih) was the first to suggest that should be taken as meaning 'to report,' 'to announce the fulfilment of a commission,' referring to the phrase, which is com mon in Mencius, and to the use of alone by on p. 2 of the last Book; but the text does not him, Bk. I., Pt. I., vii., 10,- ú✯ E so clearly indicate that the building of the two cities is spoken of. The went also. The duke, he contended, had never been anything but regent; he could not speak of himself as restoring the govt. This view was by the name of 'the lower capital' K JJ BR-see the figure adopted by Ts'ae, and became current through of the domains of Chow on p. 149. The five of them which constituted, with the imperial do his commentary. Maou K'e-ling refers to the 1st words of Pt. main, the ‘Middle Kingdom' are here enumerat- IV., Bk. VI.,- Ŵ KTM ed in their proper order, though why the should be introduced between and I VI,伊尹旣復政厥辟 as decisive in favour of the older view; but the use of the there after makes the pas cannot explain. 百工播民和 AIR-sages by no means parallel, nor was the position I-, all the officers, including, of the duke of Chow to king Ching the same as that of E Yin to Tae-kea. It must be allowed probably, from the princes downwards; at the same time that Mencius' 和-宣揚民心之和‘spread abroad the harmony of the people.' by is different from the simple 復子 of the text. On the whole, I must incline to the view adopted by Tsae. In the answer of the king to the duke's message there is not a word about his accepting the restoration or resignation of the govt. It was understood between them, and throughout the empire, that the time was come for the king to undertake the duties of the administration himself, and we shall see his purpose to go into retirement, now that the hereafter in this Book that the duke expresses -the Daily Explana-building of Lo was in a state of forwardness; - is taken as -, 'business,' the work 瀍乃河于惟民東乃基如 水下朔洛乙明土 命弗 西澗黎師卯辟其保定敢 惟水水我朝○基大命及 洛東我下至予作相子天 2 to my son, my intelligent prince. The king appeared as if he would not presume to determine the founding and the fixing of our appointment by Heaven, whereupon I followed the Grand-Guardian, and made a great survey of this eastern region, with a view to found the place where he might become the intelligent sovereign of the people. 3 On the day Yih-maou, in the morning, I came to the city of Lǒ.I first divined concerning the country about the Le water on the north of the Ho. I then divined concerning the east of the Keen water and the west of the Ch'en water, when the ground near the Lŏ was but the most natural interpretation of the text is as in the translation. The duke's bowing and putting his head to the ground was intended for the king, but performed in the presence of the messenger, who was to carry the report to court. The duke was now in Lo, and the king was probably at Haou. The duke calls the king his son,'ex pressing his affection for him, and he calls him his ‘intelligent prince,' giving him honour. P.2. The view taken of the former par. affects the meaning which is given to this. ment to the empire,' and by 成命,‘the secur ing permanently that appointment '-results (太保);and其基作民明辟一 aim at.' In this way the par. has a unity and Gan-kwǔ took 如一往,‘formerly; 天基 consistency in itself, which we do not find in the other interpretations. I cannot but under when first it charged our House of Chow to -see the last Book, p. 4. Lo is called B as being intended to be the capital, where the emperor should tranquillize and settle the empire;' and 千乃 保=我乃繼文武安天下 之道, I therefore continued the ways of Wan and Woo to tranquillize the empire.'. It is needlessly embarrassing Këang Shing, again, taking in the same way, keeps the natural interpretation of as reside. See in the dict-天子所居 the interpretation to make, with Gan-kwo and Kang-shing, 洛師=洛之衆 一 若, but by基命 he understands king 卜河朔黎水-I have been strongly Wăn, the first commissioned,' and by, king Woo settler or completer of the commis sion.' In his view of he agrees with Gan-kwǔ, and says that the 基 in其基 謀,‘to plan.' The advocates of the other in terpretation of 復 understand by 基命 inclined to translate this in the past complete -- tense, I had previously divined, &e. The Le water was a name given to the united stream of the Wei (衞河) and the K'e(淇河), on its reaching a place which was afterwards called Le-yang (黎陽), in the north-east of the pres. dis. of Senn (潛).dep. of Wei-hwuy. 'the laying the foundations of the appoint- This was not far from the old capital of Show, 休宅天公拜及食水食 來公其之不手獻 我 來旣作休敢稽卜來亦又 視定周來不首○以惟下 予宅 宅匹相敬日王圖洛瀍 indicated. Again I divined concerning the east of the Ch'en water, and the ground near the Lo was likewise indicated. I now send a messenger with a map, and to present the divinations." 4 II. The king bowed his face to his hands and his head to the ground, saying, “The duke has not dared but to acknowledge reverently the favour of Heaven, and has surveyed the locality to find where our Chow may respond to that favour. Having settled the locality, he has sent his messenger to come and show me the divinations, and the duke would seem to have thought that it might be sufficient to remove the disaffected people of Yin to it, instead of transporting them so far as Lo. The text appears to say that he had divined about this site, after reaching Lo; but I think it must have been a previous measure, and intended merely to satisfy the people of Yin. The duke himself could never have seriously contemplated settling the capital of the dynasty there. Whensoever and where soever he divined about this place, we must understand from the text that the regent adopted the Guardian's divination. But then he had himself divined about the site near the Le water, nor have we reason to suppose that the duke of Shaou had divined for the site of the lower capital.' There is a perplexity here which the scantiness of our information does not enable us to unravel. 你(perhaps the character should be抨)來以圖及 understand that the result was unfavourable.獻卜,使to send;’圖-洛 我乃至洛食-for the Köen and Ch'en rivers, see the Tribute of Yu.' Pt. i., p. 55. The east of the Këen and west of the Ch'en was the site fixed for the imperial city (王城); and the east of the Ch'en was that of 'the lower capital' (T), to which the people of Yin were removed. But both sites were near the Lo, and the divination was favourable in each case. To understand the phrase 洛食 we must refer to the method of divining by the tortoise shell, described on page 336. If the ink, smeared on the back of 之地圖, ‘a plan or map of the country about the Lǒ.. understand, the favouring decree of Heaven,' calling the House of Chow to the sovereignty of the empire ; then 其作 the shell, was dried up eaten, licked up by the 周匹(一)休-其意欲所定 fire, the trial was favourable; if it was not so dried up, the result was considered to be unfavourable. Këang Shing, following Kangshing, gives another meaning of, which I hardly understand. K'ang-shing's words are: -我以乙卯日於洛之衆 觀召公所卜處皆可長久 居民使服田相食 In the last Book nothing is said about the duke of Chow's divining about the sites. This the duke of Shaou had done previous to the arrival 之宅為我周配答天休之 地 as in the translation. The passage is obscure, but this seems to be the meaning. 伻來至恆吉-Kang-shing indbeated that two messengers were sent by thought that by the repetition of it was the duke; but there is no necessity to under stand the terms so. 視=示, to show to.. 休恆吉卜兆之休美而 of the other. Many say that we are only to 常吉者 This is better than to take it 5 于稱公誨拜敬予貞我下 新殷日言手天萬公 休 邑禮王○稽之億其人恆 咸祀肇周首休年以共吉 favourable and always auspicious. Let us two sustain the responsibilities in common. The duke has reverently acknowledged the favour of Heaven, making provision for me for myriads and tens of myriads of years. With my face to my hands and my head to the ground, I receive his instructive words. III. The duke of Chow said, "Let the king at first employ the ceremonies of Yin, and sacrifice in the new city, doing everything in 謝 or some words of similar import. I do not think we are to suppose that the king made a second prostration. Ch. III. Pp. 5-13. ADVICES BY THE DUKE ON THE SACRIFICES WHICH THE KING SHOULD We must suppose that these advices were given in Haou. The duke had returned there some time after receiving the king's reply to the message which he sent. It is most likely that he had left Lo immediately after the duke of Shaou had made what is called his announcement, and set forth before him the various offerings which were presented by the princes, to be used, it is said, at the sacrifices which would be offered,-we may suppose on the solemn inauguration by the king in person of the new city as the capital of the empire. However this may be, it is plain that the duke, in the first instance at least, is speaking to the king in some other place from which he is urging him to go to Lo. P. 5. The sacrifices which the king should offer in the first place. 王肇稱殷禮 both Gan-kwo and Kang-shing take this clause as in the translation, understanding by shing says that the ceremonies for the services 'the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty.' K'angof the present dynasty had not yet been settled, or if settled, had not yet been made publicly known. That would be done next year, which would be the first of the king's independent reign. In the meantime he should employ the ceremonies of Yin. Ying-tă, on the other hand, in his gloss on Gan-kwo's commentary, says that the ceremonies had been settled, but from their general agreement with those of the pre vious dynasty, they are still called here This remark is very unsatisfactory. We cannot tell why the duke gave this particular advice, but I do not see that the phrase can be rendered otherwise than I have done. Ts'ae, indeed, after Wang Gan-shih and Lin Che-k'e, proposes to take in the sense of, so that the to take 殷 汝 以日今 周予秩 受功記王有予從齊無 命命作功 事惟王百文。 篤日元宗命 ○ 日于工○ 6 an orderly way, but without any display! I will marshal all the 7 officers to attend your majesty from Chow, merely saying that probably there will be business to be done. "Let the king instantly give orders, saying, 'Let those distinguished ***** by merit be recorded; the most meritorious shall be the first in the sacrifices.' Let him also command, saying, You in whose behalf this order is given must give me your assistance with sincere ear supposed it was that mentioned in par.29;一 which is not likely. I should rather suppose it庶幾有善政事,‘probably there was a series of sacrifices like those offered by Suin on his undertaking the duties of government for Yaou; see the Canon of Shun,'p. 6. The occasion was a grand one,—the inauguration of Lo as the capital, and of Ching's becoming of age and taking the government in his own hands. 成秩無文秩=序,‘order,' ‘to arrange orderly;’無文,‘without or- took 無文differently, and Ts'ne agrees with ploying the fullest ceremonies in his sacrifices P. 6. In what way the duke would instruct the officers to attend the king to Lo. I 一整齊百官; meaning probably nothing more than what appears in the translation, | will be some business of good government.' offered. P. 7. How the king should stimulate the officers to loyal exertions by promising them a place 兹予大享于先王爾祖其 corder of Merits,' who entered the names of ancestral temple, when they were dead. It is from Yin, that the duke refers. 記功 translation. Këang Shing, after Gan-kwǔ, oured is shown in the next clause, so that the general meaning is not affected by the way in In the Le Ke, Bk. XXIII, called 祭法, or (The Laws of Sacri though some of the critics (see the fice, p. 9, there is a list given of various services dwell on the 齊, as if it included all moral ad justment. 從王于周this can only mean-follow the king from Chow to Li;' as the Daily Explanation, has it 從 to the state which would entitle their perform ers to be sacrificed to (聖王之制 也法施於民則祀之 死勤事則 王自周以適洛·庶有事一則之能禦大災則 this is not so indefinite as Galkwo has it,能捍大患則祀之 制以國之惟 L |