3 越亦西于有紹大王用。 兹不土西大命天寶遺O 鰲靜人土艱日明龜我請 II. The Tranquillizing king left to me the great precious tortoise, to bring into connection with me the intelligence of Heaven. Í consulted it, and it told me that there would be great trouble in the region of the west, and that the western people would not be still. Accordingly we have the present senseless movements. terpreted-"What I diffuse must be to adorn and extend the appointment received by my predecessors, and not forget their merit," while Lin Tsze-hwuy says, “The meaning is-I will cultivate and illustrate the institutions, to impart ornament to the empire." The character is thus both pronounced and interpreted by them differently from Gan-kwň; but the meanings they bring out are as far from being clear as his. Wang Gan-shih says, better than any of them, that the text is maimed, and we need The not weary ourselves to fix its meaning. translation simply follows the view of Ts'ae, which is that of Soo Tung-po. 予不敢 云云 -in this clause the king intimates how it was his duty to punish Woo-käng and a aiding him in his revolt. He would let the justice of Heaven take its course; he would not restrain it, but execute it rather against them. 于,following 閉, is rather perplexing; but we have met with it before, similarly following transitive verbs. reception of visitors at court there were the attendants and officers who received them, and went between them and the prince. They and their function were called 介紹 Similarly we are told here that the tortoise-shell was a connecting medium between the mind of man and the mind of Heaven. And this was the belief of the duke of Chow! 即命 is used like the same phrase in the last Book, p. 8. 日有大至不静−this is to be taken as the reply of the tortoise, or the result obtained from the divination. Gan-kwŏ commence a new para makes the indeed graph. 即命 is with him =‘I have con sulted it, and received its instruction;' and then for a time all reference to the tortoise ceases, and 日= The king also says.' This construction is to me intolerably harsh. 日 follows immediately on the divination by the tortoise-shell, and introduces the reply which () was received. That reply is sufficiently Wang Gan-shih put a stop at 威, and read 用with what follows-王云云,and { enigmatical. The troubles arose in the east, Choo He approved of this construction;-see the 附錄. In this point Ts ae chose to fol low the two K'ung, rather than his master. Woo Ching, however, points with Gan-shih, and gives this view of the clause preceding, having closed a paragraph with 大功: "When Heaven was sending down its terrors on and the oracle was that the west would be troubled. This difficulty is solved by saying that the troubles arose indeed in the east, but they necessarily went on to trouble the west. The Daily Explanation' paraphrases the text as if the oracle had been thus explicit:一龜 me, I did not dare to conceal them, but used the 卽命日異日東方諸侯起 tortoise,' &c., &c. Ch. II. Pp.3-6. THE DIVINATIONS HAD INFORMED THE KING OF THE COMING TROUBLES, OF THE PEOPLE WERE SUPPORTING HIM. THEY MIGHT THEREFORE GO FORWARD WITH CONFI- 而叛 將有大艱難之事 于西土使西土之人,疲于 奔命不得安靜是西土晏 然之時龜兆已豫告矣. Thi was, it will be seen, a prophecy, rather than 3. 寜王‘the Tranquillizing | the solution of a doubt, and the oracle was like king.' Gan-kwǒ says that king Wan is in tended; but the phrase 寜考 in par. 8 deter those of the west. We may compare it with the‘Aio te,Eacida, Romanos vincere posse mines that we interpret the epithet of king-these are again the words of the Woo, Ching's father. 紹天明紹 king. 鰲=蟲動, insects moving, wrig繼‘to continue and transmit. At agrand| gling about, in the spring. It is often used in 有翼O鄙日疵知敘誕 O 十日今我予民我天敢殷 夫民蠢周復不國隆小 予獻今邦反康有威其腆 4 'Little as the present prosperity of Yin is, its prince greatly dares to take in hand its broken line. Though Heaven sent down its terrors on his House, yet knowing of the evils in our kingdom, and that the people are not tranquil, he says “I will recover my patrimony"; and so he wishes to make our State of Chow a border territory again. 5 'One day there was a senseless movement, and the day after, ten men of worth among the people appeared to help me to go forward the sense of 'silly,' impertinent.' 4. The above, by一是雖天降威于殷然 guilt of Woo-kǎng. 殷小腆,−this 腆 has marvellously vexed the critics. Gan-kwù 亦武庚知我國有三叔 took it as = =小, and Kang-shing did the same. 隙民心不安故敢云云 予復反我周一~ Ma Yung made it=至, meaning probably , we must as Yin, who has but little attained Wang Suh put a stop at 復, and then supply 而欲 made it=主 so that 殷小腆=this in the translation. 予is Woo-kǎng himself small princelet of Yin.' The defines it by多, ‘many or much;' and Ming-shing says this justifies the of Kang-shing, like lucus a non lucendo! Tsae gives 厚, ‘prosperous,’ 'flourishing' for it, which is no doubt the correct meaning here. Compare 自洗腆致用 酒 in the ‘Announcement about Wine, p. 6. Tung-po was the first to bring this meaning of the term to the interpretation of the text. -'to arrange,' 'to place in order;' then, a series' 'a rank.' Here, being under the govt. of粑 it is taken as= 緒 the end of a cocoon, or of a ball of thread;' then 'a thread,' ‘a line' and with the same metaphorical applications as our word line.' The clause, as 其 expanded by Tsae, is-乃敢大 imperial House, with special reference to the rumours about the duke of Chow set on float by his brothers, following so quickly on the speaking, but we cannot refer the also to 予復=我將復殷業 him. 鄙 is used for ‘a border,''a border town.. It has here the force of a verb. 5. 今鰲 至于一獻=賢(comp. the Yih and Tseih,'p. 7. Këang Shing reads Tseih,’p. 7. Këang Shing reads 義 but with the same meaning);于往‘to go.’ Who the 'ten men of worth' were, we do not know. Gan-kwo supposed they belonged to Yin, "loyal and far-seeing men in the rebellious territory.' This is not likely. I suppose they were men of the imperial domain who had been forward to express their attachment to the dynasty of Chow. The 今蠢今翼日, indicate the promptitude with which they had come forward, Ts'ae expands the clause:一今武庚 蠢動今之明日民之賢者 十夫輔我以往云云 敉 寕武圖功撫, to soothe,' to death of king Woo. The same view is taken tranquillize;敉寜 go together,撫定 also by Woo Ching and Keang Shing. If the 知 had been before the 天 we must have con 商邦 to soothe and settle the country of strued in this way. The meaning which appears Shang. 武一繼to continue) [武 is used in the translation is given by Ts'ae, who follows for military prowess or achievement,' and also his expansion of the previous clause, quoted for 'footsteps,' 'traces,' from which the 越臣邦卜御君肆休圖翼 庶○于予事越予朕功以 士爾伐惟日尹告卜我于 御庶殷以予氏我并有 事邦逋爾得庶友吉大 罔君播庶 士 十邦 事武 to restore tranquillity and to perpetuate the plans of my father. The great business I am engaging in will have a successful issue, for I have divined and always got a favourable intimation. There6 fore I tell you, the princes of my friendly States, and you, the directors of departments, my officers, and the managers of my affairs, -I have obtained a favourable reply to my divinations. I will now go forward with you from all the States, and punish those vagabond and transported ministers of Yin. 7 III. And now, you the princes of the various States, and you the various officers and managers of my affairs, all retort on me, saying, signification given to it in the text is derived. 尹氏, the governors or directors,' =庶 How the same character comes to have signifi cations so different is one of the mysteries whichZE, 'the heads of the various magis a Lexicographer may solve by tracing its his tory, and showing how forms driginally distinct have coalesced in one. 武圖功繼 terial departments.' Gan-kwo says they were the 卿大夫, nobles and great officers. 嗣武王所圖之功 This construe. Compare the百尹of Bk. XXII, p. 3. We tion of the clause is given by Ts'ae, and Keang Shing concurs in it. Other views may be seen in the 註疏 and in Woo Ching's commentary. 我有云云-大事,‘great affair,' referring to the warlike expedition about to be proceeded with. It is said in the that ‘the “great affairs " of a State are sacrifice and War (國之大事,在 might bring out the meaning of the by saying the directors, of the several surnames.' as in 予得吉卜云云-于 the last par., 往逋播臣the ab sconded scattered ministers." Woo-kăng and the old adherents of his House, who continued with him, are intended by this contemptuous language. There was enough in the circum stances of their condition to afford a ground for 與戎) 并吉‘all together are lucky' The king had divined; and the 'three men' who had operated with the three shells, or interpreted the threefold intimation of the one shell, all foretold a happy result;-see the 'Great Plan,' p. 24. Ts'ae gives the connection of the two parts of the clause thus:一知我有戎 事休美者以下三龜而 吉也 We are not to suppose that this divining was the same as that mentioned in par.2. That was earlier, before the rebellion had revealed itself; this was with reference to so describing them. the princes and officers to go contrary to the ora cles, and abandon the expedition. 罔不反 -'there is not one who does not retort.' K'ang shing says-無不反我之意,all oppose my views.' Keang Shing would take as simply 一復, ‘to reply. The two ideas are here combined in the term. All the rest of the par. is to be taken as the language of the mal the expedition which was in progress. 6. 肆子至御事,一肆 =故, therefore contents. Gan-kwo, indeed, takes only 艱大 故,therefore. 8 艱于朕身越予 鰲思 ○征小宮不不 鰈艱肆王子邦靜,反 役 寡旦 害者君亦曰 嗚沖 翼室惟艱 越大 大哉 哉呼人違不越在大 投予允录下。可予王民 "The hardships will be great, and that the people are not still has its source really in the king's palace, and in the mansions of those princes of the troubled State. We, little ones, and the old reverent inen as well, think the expedition ill-advised. Why does your najesty not go contrary to the divination? I, in my youth, think also continually of the hardships, and say, Alas! these senseless movements will deplorably afflict widowers and widows! But I am the servant of Heaven, which has assigned ‘the difficulties will be great,' as their words, and makes out all the rest to be a portion of 2. (read in the 4th 老之敬事者害(read the king's reply. But, to my mind, the text is altogether unmanageable on this view. The exegesis which I have followed, and which ap pears in the translation, is not unattended with difficulties; but it gives an interpretation of the passage in harmony with the general tenour of tone)==曷‘why. The paraphrase of the whole in the ‘Daily Explanation' is:予等 小子固無所知識至于敬 the Announcement, and not harsher, as regards 事之父老乃老成練達之 particular expressions, than we are obliged to 人皆以為不可人謀未協 admit in many other places 民不靜 龜兆難憑曷不違下而聽 至君室-this is an allusion, as plain as 人乎... the duke of Chow could permit himself to make, to the dissatisfaction of his three brothers charged with the oversight of Yin, the rumours which they had spread against himself, and the suspicions which those had awakened in the king's mind. The 邦君 are Süen, Too, and Choo.室, as opposed to 宮, I translate by 【uansion 越予小子,考翼不 可征云云:-this passage presents several ‘mansion’ difficulties, and no construction of it has been proposed, against which objections cannot be urged. 予小子 is taken by Gan-kwǔ of the king speaking of himself, and this is the one strong point in his construction mentioned above. In the translation the phrase is taken in the plural:-so the princes and officers, opposed to the expedition, describe themselves. 考 is taken as = 老‘old,’‘fathers. 翼 敬,‘to be reverent, ie, in the conduct of business. The character is thus used in the She Pp. 8, 9. How the king replies to the princes and officers, complaining of their want of sympathy with him, and urging again the authority of the oracles. 8. 允鰲鰥寡哀哉一 'indeed the senseless movements; widowers and widows, alas: Gan-kwǔ brings out the mean- Ching observes that the young and strong care for them. 予造天役=子 所為之事皆天所役使 the things which I do are all services required from me by Heaven' Keang Shing takes 造一遭, as in p. 1, which would give here a good enough meaning. 遺大投大于我身 -Heaven is the nominative to the verbs King, as may be seen in the dict. 考翼=|and 投. The Daily Explanation has : -天 亦兹寕于不圖恤御邦沖 王敢功不事君人, 王替 ○ 越不 用 嗚其 用我帝子成 興上巳不 不予 爾邛 多 相克小命惟 天民 民綏邦天小 日無毖于 明矧蛋 氏爾 me this great task, and laid this hard duty on my person. I there fore, the young one, do not pity myself, and it would be right in you, the princes of the States, and in you, the many officers, the directors of departments, and the managers of my affairs, to soothe me, saying, “ Do not be distressed with sorrow. We shall surely complete the plans of your Tranquillizing father." 9 Yes, I, the little one, dare not disregard the charge of God. Heaven, favourable to the Tranquillizing king, gave such prosperity to our small State of Chow. The Tranquillizing king divined and acted accordingly, and so he calmly received his great appointment. Now Heaven is helping the people;-how much more must I follow the divinations! Oh! the clearly-intimated will of Heaven is to be feared :—it is to help my great inheritance. 實以甚大者遺于吾之身, 甚艱者投于吾之身 卬自恤卬我or身,‘I'myself The meaning is that the king would do his duty, without considering the risks and troubles to which it would expose him, 義爾至圖 the case with reference to what is right.' 一毋)毖于恤-君母勞于憂 'Let not your Majesty distress yourself about this matter of sorrow. The princes and officers are then supposed to say that they would dis pose of the revolt for him.-凡我為臣 VOL. III. disregard,' to make of 帝命-替一廢tto none effect. The charge of God' is that implied in p. 5, when the divinations were all favour able, and the king was thus instructed to go forward with the expedition against Woo-kăng and his associates. 天休至兹命 –the divinations of king Woo referred to are those mentioned in The Great Speech,' Pt. ii., p. 5, 朕募協朕下襲于休祥 今天其相民-How was Heaven now helping the people? Gan-kwǔ replies-- ‘By the coming forward of the ten men of worth to support the king.' Possibly the king, or the duke rather, may have had this in mind. 矧亦惟卜用况我亦惟卜 是用 天明,云云-the transla ligence of Heaven,' is that mentioned in p. 3. as tion here follows Ts'ae. The 天明, (intelconveyed by the 'great tortoise. Thus clearly intimated. it was to be reverenced. Opposition to it could only entail disaster. How much 47 |