Years after Christ. 5th PERIOD. 962 975 987 1002 1017 1056 1066 1087 1100 1106 MODERN HISTORY. FOURTH, or GERMANIC Lewis VI. le Gros, K. of Fr. 1152 1154 1189 1199 1216 1226 1271 1273 1282 1283 Lewis VII. King of France. Phil. Aug. King of France. 1206 Gengis Khan, founds the MoLewis VIII, King of France. St. Lewis IX. King of France. 1228 Baldwin II, last Fr. Emp. gul Empire. Edward I. King of England. 1255 Theodore Lascaris II. Emp. Philip III. IV. Kings of Fr. 1259 John Lascaris, Emp. Rodolph, of Hapsburgh, Emp1260 Michael Paleologus, Emp. the first of the Aust. family1982 Andronicus I. Emp. The Sicilian Vespers. Wales conq., united to Eng. The Mariners' Compass inv. Edward II. King of England. Edward III. King of England, 28, Phil. de Valois, K. of F Gunpowder invented inGerm. Order of the Garter instituted. Charles VI. Emp. Gold. Bull. Richard II. King of England.[ 1399 Henry IV. King of England. Charles VI. King of France. Henry V. King of England. Henry VI. King of England. great Arabian Geographer. 1391 Manuel Paleol. Emp. 1421 Amurath II, invests Constant, 1453 Constantinople taken by Ma Extinction of the Second, or Years after MODERN HISTORY. Christ. 5th PERIOD. 1453 1519 1529 1535 1547 1549 1558 RELIGIOUS. THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS, AND REFORMATION. The Reformation established in England, under King Edward VI. The Council of Trent: efforts of the Church of Rome to consolidate its remaining power. Polyd. Virgil, Copernicus, Jul. Scaliger. 1553 Temporary revival of Popery in England, under Queen Mary. Final overthrow of Popery in England, under Queen Elizabeth. Puritans, or Calvinistic Protestants, first appear in England. Massacre of Fr. Protestants; St. Barthol. Heresy of F. & L.Socinus. Pope Gregory XII. corrects the Calendar. Joseph Scaliger, Tycho Brahe, Torquatus Tasso. 1572 1582 1590 F. Bacon, Ld. Verulam, Father Paul Sarpi, Thuanus, or de Thou, Casaubon, &e. 1605 Conspiracy of the Popish party in England, Nov.5, Guido Fawkes. The Synod of Dort, against Arminius. Joseph Mede, Buxtorf. Galileo, Grotius, Des Cartes, Gassendi, Bochart, Br. Walton, Marsham, &e. 1018 1640 1648 The Peace of Westphalia, or Munster, between the Protestant & Roman Catholic States, confirming the privileges of the former. 1649 The Church and State of England subverted. Milton, Selden. 1660 The Church and State of England restored. Religion, Learning, &| Science, flourish eminently in Brit. The Royal Society founded. Robert Boyle, Isaac Barrow, Bishop Pearson, &c. The R. Academy of Inscriptions: 1666, The R. Acad. of Sciences: established at Paris. 1681, W. Penn, founds Pennsylvania. Bishop Burnet, Locke, Archbishop Tillotson, Prideaux, Bossuet, Fenelon, Bishop Sherlock, Bishop Bull, Hyde, Ray, Puffendorf, Herbelot, Bayle, &c. 1663 1638 1752 1769 1789 1804 1810 1811 Sir Isaac Newton, Leibnitz, Wallis, Halley, Flamstead, Cassini. Pope Clement XIV.,Ganganelli, suppresses theOrderof the Jesuits. The Gallican Church subverted. Monastic orders suppressed. Pope Pius VII. consecrates Napoleon Buonaparte Emperor of The City and Principality of Rome is annexed by Napoleon to the FRENCH EMPIRE. THE EXTINCTION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY. NAPOLEON, having imprisoned Pope Pius VII., convokes a General Council of the Prelates of his Empire, but is disappointed of his purpose. Years after Christ. 5th PERIOD. MODERN HISTORY. SECULAR. 1493 Continuation of the Fourth, 1453 Extinction of the Second, or or GERMAMIC HEAD of 1509 Henry VIII. King of England, 1522 1519 1547 1553 1558 1564 1588 1589 1595 1598 1603 1610 1619 1625 1643 GREEK HEAD of ROMAN Soliman II. takes the Isle of 1571 The Turks take the Island of The defeat of the Invincible Armada, of Philip II. King of Spain, Beginning of the 30Yrs.war,concldued by the Peace of Westphalia. Lewis XIV. Kg. of Fr. Mazarin, Turenne, Edict of Nantes revok. 1653 (Cromwell.) Estab. of the Naval pre-em. of Eng. by the victories of Blake, Monk, Deane, Penn, Lawson, over the Dutch. Leopold I. Emperor. 1658 1660 1685 1688 1697 1702 1713 1714 1727 1748 1760 1763 1783 1789 1792 1793 1800 1802 1803 1806 1811 1812 Charles II. King of England and Scotland restored. Clarendon, James II. King of Eug. and Scot.: abdicates the Crown, 1688. George I. Elector of Hanover, Arch-Treasurer of the Roman Em- The Revolution of France: beginning of the miseries of the kingd. The experimental Peace of Amiens. Height of the Naval and PART IV.-history. HISTORY traces the progress of man from the savage state, through the intermediate degrees of civilization, to the nearest approach to perfection,, of which social institutions are capable. It notes the effects of laws and political regulations, and records the wondrous revolutions which have been produced in states by external violence, and the no less astonishing changes which have been effected, by the gradual corruption of antient systems of government. It is history, which fixes the seal of immortality upon actions truly great, and sets a mark of infamy on vices, which no after-age can ever obliterate. By history, mistaken merit, and oppressed virtue, appeal to the incorruptible tribunal of posterity, which renders them the justice their own age has sometimes refused them; and without respect of persons, condemns the unjust abuse of authority with inexorable rigour. The pencil of history has not only delineated men in groupes; but, selecting distinguished individuals, has drawn them in their just proportions; and, enlivening them with the colours of nature, has exhibited a selection of striking portraits for our entertainment and instruction. In contemplating the characters of nations, or of eminent persons, we seem to walk in a large gallery of family pictures, and take delight in comparing the various features of the extensive kindred, as they resemble, or differ from one another; and though long since carried down the tide of time, we find in them pleasing and instructive companions. In order to study the history of any particular nation with advantage, the following rules should strictly be attended to. 1. We should direct our chief attention, not to the frivolous anecdotes of a court, but to the circumstances |