'The army of the Right, however, took to flight, and was pursued by the men of Ts'e. Chin Kwan and Ch'in Chwang crossed the Sze [in the pursuit]. Măng Che-tsih was the last to enter [the city], and when it was thought that he was defending the rear, he took an arrow and whipt up his horses, saying, "They would not advance (See Ana. VI. xiii.)." The file in which Lin Puh-nëw was proposed to fly, but he said, “For whom are we not a match?" "Then," said the others, "shall we stay?" He answered, “That would not be an act of much worth." They then moved slowly away, and all died. The army [of the Left] captured 80 of the menat-arms, and the men of Ts'e could not keep their order. A spy brought word at night that their army was retreating, and Jen Yew thrice asked leave to pursue it, but Ke-sun would not permit him. The younger Măng said to some one, "I was not equal to Yen Yu, but I was better than Ping Seeh. Tsze-yu was full of spirit and earnestness. I did not want to fight, but I could be silent. Seeh said, 'Give the reins to the horses, (and flee].'" Kung-wei (Duke Ch'aou's son), and his favourite youth Wang E, both died, and were both put into coffins. Confucius said [of the youth],"As he could hold spear and shield in the defence of our altars, he may be buried without abatement of ceremonies because of his youth." 'Jen Yew used the spear against the army of Ts'e, and so was able to penetrate it. Confucius said, "That was righteous [courage]."' According to the above narrative this must have been a very scrambling fight. Yet a battle there was, and we may be surprised that the text does not say so. The advantage also was upon the whole with Loo, but neither, for some reason, did the sage think it proper to state this. Twenty-one invasions of Loo are recorded in the Classic, but only here and in par. 2 of the 8th year is it simply said that 'So-and-so invaded us. In the other passages the border of Loo on which the invasion was made is specified. The reason of the peculiar phraseology may be that in both cases the enemy approached the capital itself, and attacked the very heart of the State. Par. 2. For Kung-yang has. The Chuen says: Before this, Yuen Po, being minister of Instruction, levied a tax on the lands of the State, to supply the [expenses of] marrying one of the duke's daughters; and there being more than was necessary, he used the residue to make some large articles for himself; in consequence of which the people drove him out of the State. Being thirsty on the way, one of his clan, Yuen Heuen, set before him rice, sweet spirits, parched grain, and slices of dried spiced meat." Delighted, he asked him how he had such a supply, and Heuen replied that he had provided them when the articles were completed. "Why did you not remonstrate with me?" said Pro. "I was afraid that, [if I did], I should have to go first," was the reply. arrived at Ying. The army of the centre followed the king; Seu-mun Ch'aou (I. e., Chaou of the Seu gate) commanded the 1st army; and the king's son, Koo-ts'aon, the 3d; while [on the part of Loo], Chen Joo commanded the army of the Right. On the side of Tse, Kwoh Shoo commanded the army of the centre; Kaou Woop'ei, the 1st army; and Tsung Low, the 3d. 'Ch'in He-tsze said to his younger brother Shoo, "You die, and I shall [then] get my will." Tsung Tsze-yang (Low) and Lew-k'ew Ming stimulated each other [to fight to the death]. Sang Yen-seu drove Kwoh-tsze (Kwoh Shoo), and the Kung-sun Hëa said to them, "You must both [be prepared to] die." When they were about to engage, Kung-sun Hea ordered his men to sing the funeral song, and Ch'in Tsze-hăng ordered his to be provided with the gems for the mouth (Used in burying). Kung-sun Hwuy ordered each of his men to carry a string 8 cubits long, because the men of Woo wore their hair short. Tung Kwoh-shoo said, "In 3 battles a man is sure to die. This will be my third." He then sent his lute to Heen To with a message that he would not see him again. Ch'in Shoo said, "In this engagement I will hear the drum only (The signal for advance); I will not hear the gong (The signal for retreat)." 'On Këah-seuh, the battle was fought at Eling. Chen Joo defeated Kaou-tsze. Kwohtsze defeated Seu-mun Ch'aou; but the king then went to Ch'aou's help, and the army of Ts'e received a great defeat. Kwoh Shoo, KungTung-kwoh Shoo, were all taken, along with sun Hea, Lew-k'ew Ming, Chin Shoo, and 800 chariots of war, and 3000 men-at-arms; and these were all presented to the duke. 'Just as they were about to engage, the viscount of Woo called Woo-shuh to him, and asked him what duty he had to do. He replied, "Whatever the marshal orders." The viscount then gave him a buff-coat, a sword, and a long spear, saying, "Discharge your duty to your ruler. Be reverent, and do not neglect his com mands." Shuh-sun was not able to reply; but Ts'ze of Wei (Tsze-kung) advanced to him, and said, "Chow-k'ew, take up the buff-coat, follow the viscount, and make your acknowledgments to him." "The duke made the grand-historiographer Koo send back the head of Kwoh-tsze [to Ts'e]. It was placed in a new casket, laid upon some folds of dark silk, with strings upon it. On the casket was written, "If Heaven had not known that he was not sincere, how should he have been sent to our inferior State ?" › [The Chuen appends here a narrative to show the danger that was threatening Woo amidst its apparent success:- When Woo was about to attack Ts'e, the viscount of Yueh came with a large retinue to its court, and the king and all the officers about the court received gifts and bribes. The people of Woo were all delighted, but Tsze-seu was afraid, and said to himself that this was feeding Woo [for the shambles]. He then remonstrated, saying, "While Yueh exists, we have a disease in our vitals. Its land and ours are of the same char Par. 3. The Chuen says: In consequence acter, and it has designs against us. By its of the battle of the suburbs, the duke joined the mildness and submission it is trying to further viscount of Woo in invading Ts'e. In the 5th those designs. Our best plan is first to take measmonth, they reduced Pol; and on Jin-shin,ures against it. You may get your will with Ts'e, but that is like getting a stony field, which | on which the [city of] Shing-tsoo was given to can be of no use. If [the capital of] Yueh be him. The duke of Sung asked for the pearl, not reduced to a lake, Woo will perish. There and Tuy, refusing to give it to him, was held to never was such a thing as employing a doctor be an offender; and when he was obliged to to cure a disease, and telling him to leave some leave the State, the people of Shing-ts'oo atof it. In the Announcement of Pwan-kăng it is tacked T'ae-shuh Tsih. [After this], however, said (Shoo, IV. vii. Pt. ii. 16), 'If there be those duke Chwang recalled him to Wei, and assigned who are precipitously or carelessly disobedient him a residence in Ch'aou, where he died. He to my orders, I will cut off their noses or exter- was coffined at Yun, and buried at Shaou-te. minate them, and leave none of their children. 'At an earlier period, when Yin, son of duke I will not let them perpetuate their seed in this Taou of Tsin, became a refugee in Wei, he city." It was in this way that Shang rose to made his daughter drive his chariot when he prosperity. You are now pursuing a different went to hunt. T'ae-shuh E-tsze detained them method; but will you not find it difficult to to drink with him, and asked the lady in margain the greatness thereby for which you seek?" riage. The fruit of their union was Taou-tsze The viscount would not listen to him, and (Tsih). When he succeeded to his father (As sent him on a mission to Ts'e. There he en- minister), Hea Mow (Probably a son of Yin) trusted his son to the care of the Head of the was made a great officer; and when he fled from Paou family, and changed his surname to the State, the people of Wei deprived Mow of Wang-sun. When the king heard of this, on his city. his return from his expedition [against Ts'e], he caused the sword Chuh-leu to be given him to kill himself with. When he was about to die, he said, "Plant kea trees by my grave. The kën furnishes wood [for coffins]. Woo is likely [soon] to perish. In 3 years it will begin to be weak. When anything has reached its fulness, it is sure to go on to be overthrown. This is the way of Heaven."'] Par. 5. [The Chuen introduces a brief notice here:-This autumn, Ke-sun gave orders to put all the defences of the State in good repair, saying, "When a small State vanquishes a great one, it is a calamity. Ts'e will be here any day.""] Par. 7. The Chuen says:-'In winter Taeshuh Tsih (She-shuh Ts'e) of Wei fled from that State to Sung. Before this, Tsih had married a daughter of Tsze-chaou of Sung, but one of her cousins [who had followed her to the harem] was his favourite. But when Tsze-chaou left the State (probably in Gae's 2d year), K'ung Wan-tsze made Tsih put away his wife, and marry a daughter of his own. Tsih, however, made one of his attendants induce the cousin of Tsih's former wife to come tɔ him, and placed her in Le, where he built a palace for her, so that he had, as it were, two wives. Wăn-tsze was angry, and wanted to attack him, but Confucius stopped him from doing this. However, he took his wife away. Tsih having an intrigue with some lady in Wae-chow, the people of that place took away from him his carriage by force, and presented it [to the marquis]. Disgraced by these two things he left the State. In Wei, they appointed [his brother] E in his place, and made him take K'ung K'eih (Wăn-tsze's daughter) as his wife. Tsil became [in Sung] an officer of Heang Tuy, and presented him with a beautiful pearl, When K'ung Wăn-tsze was intending to attack Tae-shuh, he consulted Chung-ne, who said to him, "I have learned all about sacrificial vessels, but I have not heard about buff-coats and weapons (Comp. Ana. XV. i.) ;" and on retiring, he ordered his carriage to be yoked, and prepared for his departure from the State, saying, "The bird chooses its tree; the tree does not choose the bird." Wăn-tsze hurriedly endeavoured to detain him, saying, "How should I dare to be considering my private concerns? I was consulting you with reference to the troubles of the State." He was about to stay, when messengers from Loo arrived with offerings to invite him there, and he returned [to his native State].' [There is here appended a note about a project of Ke-sun's for a re-arrangement of the taxation of Loo :- Ke-sun wanted to lay a tax upon the lands, and sent Jen Yew to ask Chung-ne about the subject, who replied that he did not know about it. This was his answer thrice given to inquiries pressed upon him. At last [Ke-sun sent] to say, "You are an old officer of the State. I am now waiting for your opinion to act;-how is it that you will not give expression to it?" Chung-ne gave no reply, but he said privately to Jen Yëw, “The conduct of a superior man is governed by the rules of propriety. In his benefactions, he prefers to be liberal; in affairs [of government], he seeks to observe the right Mean ; in his taxation, he tries to be light. According to this, the contribution required by the kew ordinance (See on VIII. i. 4) is sufficient. If [Ke-sun] be not governed by the rules of propriety, but by a covetous daring and insatiableness, though he enact this taxation of the lands, it will still not be enough. If you and Ke-sun wish to act according to the laws, there are the statutes of the duke of Chow still existing. If you wish to act in an irregular manner, why do you consult me?" His advice was not listened to."] Twelfth. year. 十有 皇秋公子夏田 會卒。五賦。有 柊鄭 1 公會衞侯宋 左傅日十二年春王正月用田賦 晏五月昭夫人孟子卒昭公娶於吳故不姓死不赴故不稱夫人不反 哭故不言葬小君孔子與弔適季氏季氏不繳放絰而拜 公會吳于槖星吳子使犬宰嚭請尋盟公不欲使子貢對日盟所以周信 月甲辰孟 也故心以制之玉吊以泰之言以結之明締以要之原君以爲苟有豐馬 弗可改也已若猶可改日盟何益今吾子日必尋盟若可尋也亦可寒也 吳徵會於衛初衛人殺吳行人且姚而懼謀於行人子羽子羽日吳方無 宋向巢帥師伐 及青故大宰話日宣君顯事衛君衛君之來也就寫君懼故將止之子貢 日衞君之來必謀於其衆其衆或欲或否是以緩來其欲來者子之黨也 其不欲來者子之讐也若執衞君是墮黨而崇讐也夫墬子者得其志矣 且合諸侯而執衞君誰敢不懼墮黨崇讐而懼諸侯或者難以霸乎犬宰 四乎執焉 冬十有二月螽 嚭說乃啥衞侯衞侯歸效夷言子之尙幼日君必不 流蟄丘問冬救 而 殺宋之自是.宋暢焉,宋固 司者聞諸十嵒十元向城蕭及人嵒日鄭矣.又 歴畢,之仲 丙二公巢品奔宋爲戈彌之 過今火,月申,月,之伐戈鄭平成鍚.作間, 也。火伏仲螽圍鄭孫鄭鍚.鄭元日子頃有 猶而尼季宋罕遂取九人之勿產丘隙 從 西後日孫師達圍鍚,月,爲族有與玉地 XII. 1 In the [duke's] twelfth year, in spring, he imposed a tax upon the lands. 2 4 In summer, in the fifth month, on Këah-shin, Măng Tsze died. The duke had a meeting with Woo in T'oh-kaou. 3 In autumn, the duke had a meeting with the marquis of Hëang Ch'aou of Sung led a force, and invaded Ch'ing. 6 5 In winter, in the twelfth month, there were locusts. Ke's burial. Par. 1. It were to be wished that Tso-she rules of propriety in marrying a lady of the had given us the particulars of this enactment; same surname as himself. The historiograand the paragraph has been and is a locus vexa-phers and Confucius conceal the offence in the tus to the critics. Kuh-lëang seems to think it same way in the text. There is no record of was the exaction of a second tithe of the produce her burial, because then it would have been of the lands; but we have seen that that was necessary to give the surname, and the lie required by duke Seuen in his 15th year (See would have been more conspicuous than it is on VII. xv. 8); and from the Ana. XII. ix., we here; or it may be, as Tso-she seems to intimate, learn that at this time the regular revenue of that Ke K'ang-tsze carried out his father's the government consisted of two tenths of the hostility to duke Ch'aou, and prevented the produce, of which Gae complained as being in-regular ceremonies from being observed at Măng sufficient. Too thinks the new law was an alteration of the K'ëw and buff-coat ordinance of duke Ch'ing (See on VIII. i. 4), and he is probably correct; but whether it required 2 horses and 6 oxen instead of 1 horse and 3 oxen, as he thinks, we cannot tell. Indeed our information about Ch'ing's ordinance is far from being certain and exact. The distinction however, between and it should here be pressed, the former denoting the general contribution of the produce of the land, and the latter the contribution for military purposes. The land was now burdened in some way with some contribution to the military levies of the State. The student may consult the, Pt. II. ii. Art. 18, where there is another version of the narrative at the end of last year; but it does not throw light on the nature of the ordinance in the text. Par. 2. This Măng Tsze had been the wife of duke Ch'aou; and should be mentioned as Măng Ke, and not Măng Tsze as if she had belonged to the House of Sung. From the Ana. VII. xxx., it appears that Ch'aou had himself called her 'Măng Tsze,' to conceal the offence which he had committed against the The Chuen says:-'In the 5th month, Mang Tsze, wife of duke Ch'aou, died. He had married a daughter of Woo, and therefore her [proper] surname is not given. Notice of her death was not sent to the various States, and therefore she is not called his "wife." The ceremony of weeping on returning from her burial was not observed, and therefore the burial of her as the duchess is not recorded. Confucius was present at the ceremony of condolence, and [then] went to Ke-she's. Ke-she did not wear a mourning cap, on which Confucius put off his head-band, and so they bowed to each other.' Par. 3. T'oh-kaou was a city of Woo,-60 le northwest from the pres. dis. city of Chaou (#), dep. Leu-chow (JH), Gan-hwuy. The Chuen says:-At this meeting, the viscount of Woo sent his grand-administrator Pei to request that the covenant (Between Woo and Loo;-see on VIII. 2) might be renewed. The duke did not wish this, and sent Tsze-kung to reply, saying, “A covenant is for the confirmation of faith. Therefore its conditions are first determined according to the mind of the parties; gems and offerings of silk are presented with it [to the Spirits]; it is summarily expressed in words, and an appeal is made to the Spirits to bind it. Our ruler considers that, if a covenant be once made, it cannot be changed. If it can be changed, of what advantage would a covenant every day be? You now say that the covenant must be made hot again, but if it can be made hot, it may also be made cold." Accordingly the covenant was not renewed.' [Throughout the Chuen, the renewal of a covenant is commonly expressed by the ruler of Wei, what prince is there but will be frightened? Let me suggest that Woo will find it difficult to get the presidency of the States by overthrowing its partizans, exalting its enemies, and frightening the princes." The grand-administrator was pleased, and the marquis of Wei was in consequence let go. When he returned to Wei, he imitated the speech of the rude people of the east (I. e, of Woo). Tsze-che (The Kung-sun Me-mow, or Wăn-tsze; This usage of 彛 is explained by 海, to (公孫彌牟文子), who was still quite warm.' The above narrative illustrates the significance of the term.] Par. 4. Yun was in Woo,-in the east of the pres. dis. of Joo-kaon, T'ung Chow, Këang-800. The Chuen says:-'Woo summoned Wei to attend a meeting; but before this the people of Wei had put to death Tseu Yaou, a messenger of Woo, and they were now afraid. Consulting about the matter with Tsze-yu, a messenger of their own, he said, “Woo is now pursuing an unprincipled course, and is sure to disgrace our ruler. The best plan will be for him not to go." Tsze-muh, however, said, “Woo indeed is now pursuing an unprincipled course, but a State which does so is sure to vent its hatred on others. Although Woo have no principle, it is still able to distress Wei. Let [our ruler] go. When a tall tree falls, it strikes all within its range; when there is a mad dog in the city, he bites every body [whom he meets]; how much more will a great State, [like Woo, do violent things]!" In autumn, the marquis of Wei had a meeting with Woo in Yun. The duke made a covenant [privately] with the marquis of Wei and Hwang Yuen; and in the end, they declined a covenant with Woo. The men of Woo having enclosed the encampment of the marquis of Wei, Tszefuh King-pih said to Tsze-kung, "The princes have met and their business is completed. The presiding prince has discharged his ceremonies, and the lord of the ground has contributed his animals;-they have performed their complaisances to one another. But now Woo is not behaving with ceremony to Wei, and has enclosed the encampment of its ruler, putting him in difficulties. Why should you not go and see the grand-administrator about it?" [Tsze-kung] accordingly asked for a packet of embroidered silks, and went to see the grandadministrator P'ei, making the conversation turn to the affair of Wei. Pei said, "My ruler wished to do service to the ruler of Wei, but the latter came to the meeting late. My ruler is afraid, and therefore intends to detain him." Tsze-kung said, "The ruler of Wei must have taken counsel about coming to the meeting with all his [officers]. Some of them would wish him to come, and others would object; and in this way his arrival was late. Those who wished him to come would be your partizans, and those who wished him not to come would be your enemies. If you seize the ruler of Wei, you will be overthrowing your partizans and exalting your enemies; and [thus] those who would overthrow you will get their will. More over, if, having assembled the States, you seize young, said, "The ruler will not escape [an evil fate]. He is likely to die among those eastern people. Though they seized him, he is pleased with their speech; he must be firmly bent on following them."' Par. 5. The Chuen says:-'Between Sung and Ch'ing there was a tract of neutral ground [containing 6 hamlets], called Me-tsoḥ, K'ingk'ëw, Yuh-ch'ang, Yen, Ko, and Yang, concerning which Tsze-ch'an and the people of Sung had made an agreement, that neither of them should have it. When the families descended from [dukes] Ping and Yuen of Sung fled from Sëaou to Ching (In the 15th year of Ting), the people of Ch'ing walled for them Yen, Ko, and Yang. [Now], in the 9th month, Hëang Ch'aou of Sung attacked Ching, took Yang, where he killed the grandson of duke Yuen, and then laid siege to Yen. In the 12th month, Han Tah of Ching proceeded to relieve Yen, and on Pingshin, he had the army of Sung surrounded in a State of siege.' Maou is very doubtful of the accuracy of this narrative. Par. 6. see II. vi. 8. The Chuen says: -Ke-sun asked Chung-ne about this phænomenon, who replied, "I have heard that when the Ho star no more appears, those insects are not to be found. But now the Ho star still appears descending to the west. The officers of the calendar must have made a mistake."' Starting from this saying of Confucius, Too Yu makes it out that there had been an omission to insert an intercalary month this year, which would carry the 12th month back to the 9 month of Hea, when the Ho star ceased to appear; but there really could be no intercalation this year. Both the sage and Too themselves fell into error. The K'ang-he editors say, 'Tso-she gives here the words of Confucius, and Too-she considers that an intercalation was omitted. But at this time, within the space of two years, Loo thrice sent notice to the other States of locusts, so that the plague of them must have been very great. In consequence of this many scholars have called in question Too's opinion, and we have preserved both their views and his." |