Parr. 3, 4. Kuh-lëang has here after 4. See on parr. 2, 4 of last year, and the previous paragraphs of a similar nature. Kuh-leang dilates, on this par., at great length on the presumption of Loo, exhibited and condemned in these passages; but his criticism goes on the supposition that the border sacrifice spoken of is that to Heaven in the 1st month. But we

have seen reason to think that the texts only refer to the sacrifice for a blessing on the toils of husbandry, properly falling in the 3d month of Chow, but still allowable in the 4th month, up to the time of the equinox. Whether this year it was celebrated before or after that date, the text does not enable us to say.

[The Chuen appends here 2 narratives :— Ist, about the struggle between Ts'e and Tsin. ‘In summer, in the 4th month, the marquises of Ts'e and Wei succoured Han-tan, and laid siege to Woo-luh.'

Par. 5. We have here a continuance of the

efforts of the other States, at the instigation of Ts'e, to break down the power of Tsin. The Chuen says:- The marquises of Ts'e and Wei had a meeting in Kan-how, to help the chief of the Fan clan. An army of ours, one of Ts'e, Kung Yu of Wei, and a body of the Sëen-yu, invaded Tsin, and took Keih-p‘oo.'

[The Chuen continues its narratives about Woo:-'When Woo was in Ch'in, the great officers of Ts'oo were all afraid, and said, “Hohleu was able to employ his people, and defeated

us at Pih-keu, and now we have heard that his successor is still more [warlike] than he; what is to be done?" Tsze-se said to them, "You have only to be anxious, gentlemen, about a want of harmony among yourselves, and need 2d, about Woo's commencing hostilities against not be troubled about Woo. Formerly Hoh. Ch'in. 'When Woo had entered [the capital leu never partook of two dishes, did not sit on of] Ts'oo (In Ting's 4th year), [the viscount] sent to summon duke Hwae of Ch'in [to join a double mat, dwelt in no lofty structures, had him], who assembled the people of the State no red paint nor carving about his articles of to ask their opinion, and said, "Let those furniture, built no towers about his palaces, who wish to side with Ts'oo go to the right, used no ornaments about his boats and chariots, and those who wish to side with Woo go to the left." The people took the side of and in his choice of dress and in all his outlay the State near to which their lands lay; and avoided what was expensive. When any calamity those who had no lands took the side they were or pestilence from Heaven visited the State, he inclined to. Fung Hwah, however, advanced went round himself among the orphans and right opposite to the duke, and said, "I have widows, and ministered to their wants and heard that States flourish through prosperity and perish through calamity. Now Woo has distresses. When he was with his army, he did not yet enjoyed prosperity, nor has Ts'oo suf- not venture to eat himself until all the soldiers fered calamity. Ts'oo is not to be rejected, and had had their share of what was cooked; and Woo is not to be followed. There is Tsin, the in what he took himself his foot-guards and lord of covenants. Suppose you decline the chariot-men all partook with him. Thus diligentrequisition of Woo on the ground of [your duty ly did he care for his people, and share with to] Tsin." The duke said, "The State [of them in their toils and pleasures; and the conseTs'oo] is conquered, and its ruler is a fugitive. quence was that they did not weary of hard If this be not calamity, what would be so?" service, and in death they knew that [their "Such things have happened to many States," families] would not be uncared for. Our former was the reply. "Why may not Ts'oo recover great officer, Tsze-chang, was the reverse of all itself? Small States have done so, and how much this and so it was that Hoh-leu defeated us. more may a great State do so! I have heard But I have heard that Foo-ch'ae, wherever he that States flourish when they regard their peo- halts, must have towers, raised pavilions, emple as if apprehensive of their receiving hurt :- bankments, and lakes, and where he spends the that brings prosperity. States again perish night, must have ladies, high and low, to serve when they treat their people as earth or grass: his purposes. If he take one day's journey, -that brings calamity. Although Ts'oo does he must have whatever he desires done. His not show [much] kindness, it does not slag its curiosities must follow him; he collects things people, whereas Woo is daily ruined with fight-precious and rare; he seeks after spectacles ing, and the bones of its people lie like weeds on the ground. They experience no kindness from it. Heaven perhaps is teaching Ts'oo good lessons; but what [future] time need we look to for calamity to visit Woo?"

The duke followed this advice; and [now] when Foo-ch'ae had subdued Yueh, he determined to carry out the resentment of his father [against Chin]; and in autumn, in the 8th month, Woo made an incursion into Chin, reviving and feeding the old animosity.']

and music; he regards his people as enemies; and uses them every day in some new way. Such an one will first defeat himself;-how can he defeat us?']

Par. 6. We have the commencement of the hostilities against Choo, spoken of under the concluding par. of last year as in contemplation by Loo.

[The Chuen adds here:- In winter, in the 11th month. Chaou Yang of Tsin attacked Chaou-ko.']

巳叔孫州仇仲孫何忌及邾子盟于句釋 初衞侯遊於瓠子南

GAE

II. 1

In the [duke's] second year, in spring, in the king's second month, Ke-sun Sze, Shuh-sun Chow-k'ew, and Chung-sun Ho-ke, led a force and invaded Choo. They took the lands east of the K‘oh, and those west of the E.

2 On Kwei-sze, Shuh-sun Chow-k'ew and Chung-sun Ho-ke made a covenant with the viscount of Choo at Kow-yih. In summer, in the fourth month, on Ping-tsze, Yuen, marquis of Wei, died.

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

The viscount of T'ăng came on a court visit to Loo.

Chaou Yang of Tsin led a force, and placed Kwae-wae,
heir-son of Wei, in Ts'eih.

In autumn, in the eighth month, on Keah-seuh, Chaou
Yang of Tsin led a force, and fought with a force under
Han Tah of Ch'ing at Teeh, when the army of Ch'ing
was shamefully defeated.

In winter, in the tenth month, there was the burial of
duke Ling of Wei.

In the eleventh month, Ts'ae removed [its capital] to Chowlae.

Ts'ae put to death its great officer, the Kung-tsze Sze.

Parr. 1, 2. The K'oh river, see on IX. xix. | 4. The E, see on the Shoo III. i. Pt. i. 29. In IX. xix. 4, it is said that Loo took the lands of Choo from the K'oh water. A further portion | of its territory lying east from that stream must now have been secured.

The Chuen says:-'In spring, we invaded Choo, and were going to attack Keaou. The people of Choo, loving the territory thereabouts, bribed us with the lands about the K'oh and the E, and received a covenant.' The three great families of Loo would seem by this time to have recovered themselves, and duke Gae was a tool in their hands as much as Ch'aou had been. While their chiefs were united in the invasion of Choo, only two of them covenanted with the viscount. Perhaps Kuh-leang is right in thinking the reason was that Shuh-sun and Chung-sun obtained the lands which were now ceded; and this may have been the reason that the system of depredation was continued next year. Kow-yih was in Choo,― in the pres. dis. of Tsow (), dep. Yen-chow.

Par. 3. The Chuen says, "Before this, [once], when the marquis of Wei was enjoying himself in the suburbs, and Tsze-nan was driving his carriage, he said to him, "I have [now] no son [declared as my successor]; I will appoint you.' Tsze-nan gave no answer, Another day, the marquis spoke to him to the same effect, when he replied, "I am not sufficient to preside over the altars. Let your lordship think of some other arrangement. There is the marchioness [with you] in the hall, and there are the 3 classes to whom you bow below it:-[consult with them]. Your [mere] order to me would only lead to disgrace." In summer the marquis died, and the marchioness said, "Appoint his son Ying (Tsze-nan) to be his successor; this was his order." Ying replied, "My views differ from those of his other sons. He died, moreover, in

my hands. If there had been such an order, I should have heard it. Besides, Cheh, the son of the exile (Kwae-wae; see XI. xiv. 11) is here." Accordingly Cheh was appointed marquis.'

States which thus

Par. 4. With this end the notices of other Kih-k'wan says:- Duke Gae had newly suc princes coming to the court of Loo. Wang ceeded to the State, and therefore duke King of Tang came to pay him this court visit. It was the first paid by a marquis of Tăng to Loo since the visit of duke Ch'ing in the 6th year of Seang, though Ch'ing attended the funeral of Seang, and King that of Ting. Of all the of the Ch'un Ts'ew, the princes of Tang, Ke, sited Loo, during the period Ts'aou, and Choo, did so most frequently. Those of K'e did so 7 times, the last visit being in the 18th year of Ching. Those of Tsaou did so 5 times, the last being in the 21st year of Seang. Those of Little Choo also paid 5 visits, the last being in the 17th year of Ch'aou. Those of Choo 7, the last being in the 15th year of Ting. Those of Tăng 5, the first in the 11th year of Yin and the last in this year. The princes of Tang and Loo were equally marquises; and for the former to be thus constantly found at the gate of the latter showed extreme smallness and weakness.' This is all very well; but according to the rules of propriety,' the interchange of court visits between the princes should have been much more frequent. The rules of propriety' gave place to the way of the world.' Great States gave up those visits altogether, and small ones observed them by constraint not willingly.

Par. 5. Ts'eih,-see VI. i. 9. The Chuen says;-In the 6th month, on Yih-yew, Chaou Yang of Tsin placed the eldest [and heir-son of the late marquis of] Wei in Ts'eih. [The expedition] lost its way in the night, but Yang Hoo said, "Let us keep on the right of the Ho

and proceed southwards, and we must come to the place." [Yang] made the prince wear mourning, and 8 men wear clothes and scarfs of sack-cloth, and pretend that they had gone from the capital to meet him; and in this guise they notified their arrival at the gate, which the prince entered weeping. He then kept possession of the city.'

We saw, XI. viv. 11, that Kwae-wae fled from Wei to Sung. His father was now dead, and his own son had been appointed marquis. This seemed to be a good opportunity to Chaou Yang to take revenge on Wei for its hostility to Tsin, and he would appear to have gone for the prince of Wei to Sung, or have called him from that State; and by the stratagem mentioned in the Chuen, he placed him in possesion of an important city in Wei, from which he was able by and by to gain all his inheritance. The critics dwell on the terms and phrases,,, 納于戚 instead of 納于衞 , as full of

pregnant meaning; but it seems to me that
Confucius simply tells the story, and leaves his
readers to form their own judgment on the
conduct of the parties concerned in it.
Par. 6. Kung-yang has

for, and for 鐵 both 栗 and 秩 T'eeh was the name of

a small hill, which lay south from Ts'eih;-in the present K'ae Chow, dep. Ta-ming.

The repetition of

engagement, to vindicate the supremacy of vir-
tue and righteouness, and to take away reproach
and shame. Those who distinguish themselves
in the victory shall receive a great officer of
the superior grade, a heen, and one of the inferi-
or, a keun; an officer, 10 myriads of mow; a
common man (I. e., a farmer), a mechanic, or a
merchant, the privilege of becoming an officer;
servants, such as sweepers and grooms, exemp-
tion [from their menial toils]. Should I (Che-
foo was a name of Yang) come out free of guilt,
let our ruler consider my case.
If I be charge-
able with guilt, let me die by the cord. Let my
body be put into a single coffin of tung wood,
[only] 3 inches thick; let the coffin be conveyed
in a plain carriage by undressed horses; let it
not be put into a grave. Let me [thus] be
punished as a minister of the lowest degree."

'On Këah-seuh, they prepared for the fight. Yew Woo-seuh drove Keen-tsze, and the prince of Wei was spearman on the right. Having driven to the top of Teeh, when they looked at the army of Ch'ing, and saw how numerous it was, the prince was afraid, and threw himself down under the chariot. Tsze-lëang (Woo-seuh, the Wang Leang of Mencius, III. Pt. II. i. 4) handed him the strap, and helped him up again, saying. "You are a woman." Keen-tsze went round the ranks, saying, Peih Wan (The ancestor of the Wei clan in Tsin. See the Chuen, at the end of IV. i.) was [originally but] a common man; but he made captures in 7 battles, till he possessed 100 teams, and he died at last [in the proper place] under his window. Do you all do your best. Your death need not come from this enemy."

in the 2d member of the sentence is peculiar. The Chuen says: —‘In autumn, in the 8th month, the people of Tae were sending grain to the Fan-ites, under the convoy of Tsze-yaou (Han Tah) and Tsze'Fan Yu was driving Chaou Lo, and Sung pan (Sze Hwăng) of Ching, who were met by Yung was spearman on the right. Lo's courage Sze Keih-shih. Chaou Yang wanted to intercept all departed, so that the others tied him to his the convoy, and met it near Ts'eih. Yang Hoo seat; and when an officer inquired the reason, the said to him, "Our chariots are few. Let us charioteer said, "It was because he was seized take the flags of our war-chariots, and display with an ague-fit, and fell down." The prince them in the van, in front of the chariots of Han of Wei prayed, saying, 'I, Kwae-wae, your and Sze. Those officers coming up from behind, distant descendant, venture to announce to you and arranging in the same way [their order of king Wăn, my great ancestor, to you K'angbattle], will be sure to be alarmed when they see shuh, my distinguished ancestor, and to you our appearance; and by then commencing the duke Seang, my accomplished ancestor :-Shing fight, we shall give them a great defeat." Yang of Ching is siding with the rebellious, whom adopted this counsel, and consulted the tortoise-Woo of Tsin, in the midst of difficulties, is not shell about [the propriety of] fighting; but the shell was [only] scorched, [and gave no further indication]. Yoh Ting said, "The ode (She, III. i. ode III. 3) says,

'There he began with consulting his followers;

There he scorched the tortoise-shell.'

Our counsels are the same (As they were before, when we determined to re-instate the prince of Wei); we may take the intimation which we then received as our answer now.

Keen-tsze (Chaou Yang) then made the following solemn declaration. "Fan-she and Chung-hang-she have transgressed the clear will of Heaven, slaughtering our people, and wishing to get into their own hands the State of Tsin, and to extinguish its ruler. Our ruler felt himself safe in his reliance on Ching, but now Ching, contrary to all right, has abandoned our ruler, and is assisting his rebellious subjects. You, gentlemen, are acting in accordance with the clear will of Heaven, and in obedience to your ruler's commands. It is for you, in this

able to deal with and bring to order. He has now sent Yang to punish them, and I, not daring to indulge in sloth, am here with my spear in my hand. I presume to announce this to you, and pray that my sinews may not be injured, my bones not broken, and my face not wounded, but that I may succeed in this great engagement, and you my ancestors may not be disgraced. I do not presume to ask for the great appointment; I do not grudge the precious stones at my girdle."

'A man of Ch'ing struck Keen-tsze with a spear in the shoulder, so that he fell down in the chariot, and his flag. Fung-k'e, was taken. The prince, however, came to his succour with his spear, and the army of Ching was worsted; but it captured Chaou Lo, the commandant of Wăn. The prince again attacked it, and it was entirely defeated, and a thousand carriages, containing the grain of Ts'e, were taken. Chaoumăng, delighted, said, "This will do;" but Foo Sow said, "Although we have defeated Ching, the Che clan are still in force, and our troubles are not over."