Par. 4. The Chuen says:-'In the 6th month, Ke P'ing-tsze went to Tung-yay; and on his return, before he arrived at the capital, on Ping-shin he died in Fang. Yang Hoo [the Yang Ho of the Ana., XVIII.i.; he was the principal officer of the Ke family) was going to put his body into the coffin, having [still] on the [precious stone] Yu-fan [which he had worn when the duke was absent from the State]. Chung-leang Hwae (Another minister of the Ke family), however, would not give it for that purpose, saying, "He had ceased to tread on the [ruler's] steps, and another stone should be used." Yang Hoo wished to expel Hwae, and told Kung-shan Puh-nëw (See on Ana., XVII. v.) the circumstance, but that officer said, "He was acting in the interest of the ruler. Why should you be angry with him?"

After the burial, Hwan-tsze went to Tungyay. When he arrived at Pe, Tsze-sëeh (The above Kung-shan Puh-nëw), who was in charge of that city, met him, with complimentary offerings because of his journey, in the suburbs. Hwan-tsze received him with respect. Chung leang Hwae, however, to whom he also presented offerings, showed him no respect, in consequence of which he was angry, and said to Yang Hoo, "You can send him away.'

The form of this notice of the death of P'ingtsze is very troublesome to the critics, and they think that the death of a man who had expelled his ruler, and held the State against him, should not have appeared without some sign of condemnation. Some of them say that it exhibits strikingly the weakness of duke Ting!

The Hwan-tsze in the Chuen was the son of Ping-tsze, and had succeeded him. His name was Sze (斯).

Par. 5. Shuh-sun Puh-kan was mentioned in the Chuen on I. 2. He was succeeded by his

are lying exposed there. We cannot collect them, and surely they ought not to be burned." Tsze-k'e replied, "The State is [in danger of] perishing. If the dead have any knowledge, they will enjoy the old sacrifices. Why should they be afraid of being burned?" They did burn the city, and fought another battle, in which Woo was defeated. It was defeated again severely in a battle in the valley of Kung-se, after which the viscount of Woo returned to his own State. He had as a prisoner Yin Yu-pe, who asked leave to go before him to Woo, but made his escape on the way, and returned to Ts'oo.

commandant of Sheh, had followed their mother, 'How-tsang, a younger brother of Choo-leang, now] he returned without waiting for her. [when she was carried a prisoner] to Woo, and The commandant of Sheh would never look straight at him.'

2d, regarding the course of Yang Hoo, tyrannizing over the Ke family.-'On Yih-hae, Yang Hoo imprisoned Ke Hwan-tsze and Kung-foo Wan-pih (A cousin of Hwan-tsze), and drove month on Ting-hae, he killed Kung-ho Meaou. out Chung-leang Hwae. In winter, in the 10th tsze, inside the Tseih gate. On Kăng-yin, there On Ke-ch'ow, he imposed a covenant on HwanKung-foo Ch'uh and Ts'in Ch'uen, both of whom were great imprecations, and he drove out fled to Ts'e.'

3d, a continuation of the affairs of Tsino. The viscount of Ts'oo [re-] entered Ying. Before this, when Tow Sin had heard that the Woo-ites were quarrelling about the palaces [of Ts'oo], he said, "I have heard that where there is no spirit of concession there is no harmony, and that, where there is no harmony, a distant enterprize cannot be carried out. The people of Woo thus quarrelling in Ts'oo, there is sure to be disorder among themselves, which will

known as Shuh-sun Woo-shuh(). Both he and Hwan-tsze were young and feeble, and the power of the State fell into the hands of Yang Hoo.

[We have here three narratives in the Chuen. The 1st continues the narrative of the invasion of Ts'oo by Woo with which the last year concludes. Shin Paou-seu arrived [in Ts'oo] with the army of Ts'in, Tsze-p'oo and Tsze-hoo of that State having command of 500 chariots for its relief. Tsze-p'oo, being unacquainted as yet with the ways of Woo, made the troops of Ts'00 engage a body of the Woo-ites, and then joined them himself from Tseih, and a great defeat was thus inflicted on king Foo-k'ae at E. The men of Woo, however, captured Wei Yih at Pih-keu, but his son led the fugitives, and joined Tsze-se, who defeated an army of Woo at Keun-ts'ëang.

'In autumn, in the 7th month, Tsze-k'e and Tsze-p'oo extinguished T'ang. In the 9th month, Foo-k'ae returned to Woo, and set himself up for king; but, being defeated in a battle with the king, he fled to Ts'oo, where he became the founder of the T'ang-k'e family.

The army of Woo defeated that of Ts'oo at Yung-she, but the army of Ts'in again defeated Woo, whose army occupied Keun. Tsze-k'e proposed to burn that city, but Tsze-se said, "The bones of our fathers and elder bothers

it possible for them to settle T's'oo?"

When the king was fleeing to Suy, he wished to get across the Ch'ing-k'ew. [Just then]. Me, commandant of Lan, was conveying his children across it, and refused to give the boat to the king, in consequence of which, when tranquillity came again, the king wanted to put him to death. Tsze-se, however, said, to him, “It was by thinking of old wrongs that Tsze-chang came to ruin; why should your majesty imitate him?" The king said, "Good!" and he made Me resume his office, intending thereby to keep in mind his own former offences. [At the same time], he rewarded Tow Sin, the Wang-suns Yew-yu and Yu, Chung Keen, Tow Ch'aou, Shin Paou-sẽu, the Wang-sun Kea, Sung Muh, and Tow Hwae. Tsze-se said to him, "Please pass Hwae by;" but he replied, "He displayed great virtue in overcoming his [own] small resentment, thus acting rightly."

'Shin Paou-seu said, "I acted for the ruler, and not for myself. Since you are now [re-] established what have I to seek? Moreover blamed Tsze-k'e (See after X. xiv. 5), and shall I now do as he did ?" Accordingly he declined any reward.

The king was going to give his youngest sister in marriage [to some one], but she refused, saying, “A young lady shows what she is by keeping far from all men; but Chung Këen has carried me on his back." She was given to him,

them. Kung-shuh Wan-tsze [at this time] was old, but he had himself wheeled by men to the marquis, and said to him, "To condemn others and to imitate them is contrary to propriety. During the troubles of duke Ch'aou, your lordship was going to take the Shoo tripod of [duke] Wan, [the tortoise-shell of duke] Ch'ing, which gave such clear responses, and the mirroredgirdle of [duke] Ting, and give the choice of any one of them to whoever would restore him. Your own son and the sons of us your ministers you were ready to give as hostages, if any of the States would take pity on him. This is what we have heard; and does it not seem improper that for a small occasion of anger you should now cover over your former kindly feeling and action? Of all the sons of Tae-sze (King Wan's queen) the duke of Chow and K'ang Shuh were the most friendly; and will it not be acting under a delusion if, to imitate [the conduct of] a small man, you throw away [that good relation between Wei and Loo]? Heaven means to multiply the offences of Yang Hoo, in order to destroy him. Suppose that your lordship wait for the present for that issue," The marquis on this desisted from his purpose.'

The rulers of Loo had not in person conducted any military expedition since the 18th year of duke Seuen, a period of 80 years. The power of the State had been in the hands of the three great clans. These were now very much reduced, and we find duke Ting himself taking the field. Yet he was merely a puppet in the hands of the ministers of those clans, who made use of him to further their own ambitious designs against their chiefs.

Par. 4. The Chuen says:- In summer, Ke Hwan-tsze went to Tsin, to present the spoils

of Ching. Yang Hoo forced Măng E-tsze to go [at the same time] with offerings in return for those which the marchioness [of Tsin had sent [to Loo]. The people of Tsin entertained them both together. Măng-sun, standing outside the apartment, said to Fan Heen-tsze, "If Yang Hoo cannot remain in Loo, and rests his shoulder against Tsin, by the former rulers you must make him marshal of the army of the centre!" Heen-tsze replied, "If our ruler have that office [vacant], he will employ the proper man [to fill it]. What should I know about it?" [Afterwards] he said to Keen-tsze, "The people of Loo are distressed by Yang Hoo. Măng-sun knows that an occasion will arise, when he thinks Hoo will be obliged to flee the State. He therefore forces himself to make this request for him, to obtain his entrance [into our State]."'

[The Chuen gives here two brief narratives: 1st, about Woo and Ts'oo. In the 4th month, Chung-luy, the eldest son of [the viscount of] Woo, defeated the fleet of Ts'oo, and captured [the two commanders], Chin, viscount of P'wan, and the viscount of Seaou-wei, along with 7 great officers. Ts'oo was greatly alarmed, and afraid it would be ruined. [About the same time], Tsze-k'e was defeated with army on the land at Fan-yang. The chief minister Tsze-se, however, was glad, and said, "Now it can be done;" and upon this he removed the capital from Ying to Joh, and changed the regulations of the government, in order [the better] to settle the State.'

an

2d, about troubles in Chow, and the share of Ching in them. Tan Peen of Chow had led

on the adherents of king [King's] son Chaou, and endeavoured by the assistance of Ching to raise an insurrection in Chow. Upon this Ching had attacked Fung, Hwah, Seu-mei, Hoo-shoo, Hoo-jin, and Keueh-wae. In the 6th month, Yen Muh of Tsin went to guard [the territory of] Chow, and walled Seu-mei.']

Par. 5. The Chuen says:-In autumn, in the 8th month, Yoh K'e of Sung said to duke King, "Of all the States only we do service to Tsin. If an envoy do not now go there, Tsin will be offended." Having told his steward Ch'in Yin [what he said], that officer observed, "He is sure to send you." After a few days the duke said, "I am pleased with what you said; you must go [to Tsin]." Ch'in Yin, [on hearing this], said, “Get your successor appointed [a minister] before you set out, and our House will not go to ruin. The ruler also will know that we are proceeding with a knowledge of the dangers it involves." Yoh Ke accordingly introduced [his son] Hwăn [to the duke], and took his departure. Chaou Keen-tsze met him, and entertained him at a drinking-feast in Meen-shang, being presented by Yoh Ke with 60 shields of willow. Ch'in Yin said, “Formerly we lodged with Fan-she, but now you are going to lodge with Chaou-she, and are presenting him with gifts besides. You should not have given those willow shields;-you are purchasing misfortune with them. But though you die in Tsin, your descendants will meet with prosperity in Sung."

'Fan Heen-tsze said to the marquis of Tsin, "He crossed the borders of his State, charged with the orders of his ruler; but before dis

charging his commission, he has accepted a respectfully both to his own ruler and to you. private invitation to drink, thus acting disHe should not be left unpunished." Accordingy Yoh Ke was seized."

Par. 6. Chung-shing,-see VIII. ix. 13. Loo was not at this time on good terms either with Ch'ing or Ts'e, and we may suppose that the walls of Chung-shing were now repaired as a precautionary measure against hostilities.

The

Par. 7. The omission of 何before 忌 must be regarded as an error of the text. marquis of Ts'e had taken Yun in Ch'aou's 25th year, and given it to that prince. The people left it in Ch'aou's 30th year; and the probability is that, when they re-occupied it, they had endeavoured to do so under the protection of Ts'e. The siege in the text would be to recall them to their allegiance to Loo.

[We have here two brief narratives:

1st, on the progress of Yang Hoo's encroachments in Loo. Yang Hoo imposed another covenant on the duke and the 3 Hwan clans at the altar of Chow, and one upon the people at the altar of Poh; the imprecations being spoken in the street of Woo-foo."

2d, on affairs in Chow. In winter, in the 12th month, the king by Heaven's grace took up his residence in Koo-yëw, that he might escape from the insurrection of Tan P'ëen (See the 2d narr. after par. 4).']