ing took precedence of Ts'ae. The writing of the covenant was-The king speaks to this effect: Ch'ung of Tsin, Shin of Loo, Woo of Wei, Këahwoo of Ts'ae, Tseeh of Ching, Pwan of Ts'e, Wang-shin of Sung, Ke of Keu-.' It is deposited in the royal library, and can there be examined and seen. You wish to observe the old ways of Wan and Woo;-how is it then that you do not make virtue your regulating principle as they did?" Chang Hwang was pleased with this representation, and laid it before the viscount of Löw, who took counsel upon it with Fan Heen-tsze, the result being that precedence was given to Wei at the covenant. to the help of Ts'ae; and as it did not do so, we shall presently find Ts'ae leagued with Woo. In Par. 12. For Kung-yang has the Chuen on par. 2, we have Seun Yin urging on Fan Heen-tsze the necessity of action against Seen-yu. Chaou Pang-fei says, 'For Tsin to invade Ts'oo would have been a gain to the other States, but an injury to its own six ministers; hence when duke Ting went out against Ts'oo, the ministers, jealous of his acquiring the merit of success, refused the request of Ts'ae, humiliated Ching, and frustrated the whole enterprise. The invasion of Seen-yu was an injury to the marquis of Tsin, but a gain to his In returning from Shaou-ling, Tsze-t'ae-shuh ministers; hence Seun-she, Sze-she, and Chaoudied before he arrived at Ching. Chaou Keen-she, one after another, attacked it, to show their merit and ability.' tsze wept for him very sorrowfully, and said, "At the meeting of Hwang-foo (X. xxv. 2), he gave me these nine maxims:-Do not begin disorder; do not trust in riches; do not rely on favour; do not oppose a common agreement; do not carry yourself proudly in ceremonies; do not be proud of your power; do not transfer your anger; take no counsels that are contrary to virtue; do nothing against righteousness.' Par. 5, Kung-yang has instead of Duke Ching was succeeded by his son Keih (乞), known as duke Yin (隱公), but he was murdered very soon by a younger brother Kwo), who established himself in his place, and is known as duke He (僖公). Par. 7. Yung-shing was in the pres. dis. of Keen-le (E), dep. King-chow, Hoo-pih. This is now the 4th time within the Ch'un Tsew period that Heu changed its capital. The Chuen says nothing about this removal; but Wang Paou observes that the changes were all ordered by Ts'oo, though the text represents them as if they originated with Heu itself. This Par. 13. Notice of the death of the viscount of Lew having been sent to the States, because he had covenanted with their princes, it was in order for them to send representatives to his funeral. Many of the critics fail to see this, and find it difficult to account for this par. Chaou K'wang says the thing was contrary to propriety; Kaou Kang, that only Loo sent a representative, and therefore the thing is recorded. The remarks of Le Leen ( ; end of the Yuen dyn) are worthy of notice: The three Kung of the son of Heaven (See Shoo, V. xx. 5) were so denominated. Any one who filled that office, and had territory as a noble of the royal domain, was also called Kung, the title following the name of the territory, as in the instances of “The duke of Chae ()," "the duke of Chow HA, HA),” &c. The king's other ministers and great officers, who had received investiture as nobles of the royal domain, were removal would be forced on Heu for having all called "viscounts (F),” as in the instances obeyed the summons of Tsin, and attended the meeting in Shaou-ling. Par. 9. This was duke Wăn ( of Lew, who first appears in the Chuen on IX. xxii. 4, by his designation of Pih-fun (1), and which records also his elevation to be viscount. His name was K'euen The king sent notices of his death to the princes with whom he had been present at the meeting of Shaouling, according to royal practice. Otherwise, there was no interchange of such communications between the princes of the States and the nobles of Chow. It was also in accordance with royal practice that such notices should only contain the name of the deceased noble, without mentioning his title. Kung and Kuh give each a different reason for the notification of this death, but both are incorrect. A Chuen, under the 26th year of Ch'aou, however, gives Teih as the name of the viscount of Lew. The individual probably had the two names, Teih and K'euen. Par. 11. This attack on Ts'ae was, no doubt, as Tso says, in consequence of 'T's'ae's extinction of Shin. It was the duty of Tsin to come now of "the viscount of Wan ()," "the vis- &c. The Ch'un Ts'ëw, in this par., takes the opportunity of the burial of duke Wăn of Lew," to call attention to the usurpation. In the mention of the individual, when alive, as "the viscount of Lew," when dead as "K'euen of Lew," and, at his burial, as "duke Wăn of Lew," we have the careful and severe pencil of the sage.' P.r. 14. For柏舉Kung-yang has 伯莒 and Kuh-lang. The place belonged to Ts'oo, and was in the present dis. of Ma-shing (麻城), dep. Hwang-chow (黄州), Hoo pih. The Chuen says:- Woo Yun acted as messenger [to other States] for Woo, [constantly] laying plans against Ts'oo. When Këoh Yuen was put to death by Ts'oo (X. xxvii. 3), the different branches of the Pih family left that State, and P'e, the grandson of Pih Chow-lae, was made grand-administrator of Woo, that he [also] might plan against Tsoo. From the date of king Ch'aou's accession, there was no year in The 蔡侯以吳子of the text indicates that the marquis of Ts'ae was the mover of the expedition against Ts'oo, of which this battle As Maou says, was the first great event. 經特書蔡侯以之以主在 which Ts'oo was not [somehow] attacked by. The ruler of Woo appears in this Woo. The marquis of Ts'ae took advantage of these circumstances, and placed his son Keen, and the sons of his great officers, in Woo as hostages [of his fidelity in an alliance against Ts'00]. par, for the first time with his title of or viscount, and many of the critics foolishly see in this a sign of the sage's approval. The circumstance seems to be immaterial. Though Ts'ae instigated the expedition, it was of course carried on and carried out by the power of Woo. Par. 15. Kung and Kuh have instead of This winter, the marquis of Ts'ae, the viscount of Woo, and the marquis of T'ang, invaded Tsoo. They left their boats in a bend of the Hwae; and advancing from Yu-chang, they lined one side of the Han, the army of Ts'oo being on the other. Seuh, marshal of the Left, said to Tsze-Ying, 10 miles to the north of the pres. chang (The chief minister of Ts'oo), 'Do you keep on this side of the Han, going up or down, according as they move. I will [meantime] lead all the troops outside the wall of defence, and destroy their ships, and then, on my return, I will shut up the passes of Ta-suy, Chih-yuen, and Ming-gae. If you then cross the Han, while I fall on them from behind, we shall give them a great defeat." Having agreed on this plan, he marched [to execute his part of it]; but Hih, [commandant] of Woo-shing, said to Tsze-chang, Woo uses [shields] of wood, while ours are of leather. We must not remain here long; your best plan is to fight soon." The historiographer Hwang [also] said to him, "The people of Ts'oo hate you, and love the marshal. If he destroys the boats of Woo on the Hwae, and then enters the country, after stopping up the passes in the wall, he alone will have [the merit of] conquering Woo. You must fight soon, or you will not escape [your doom]." Tsze-chang then crossed the Han, and drew up his troops. Three battles were fought between Seaou-pëeh and Ta-pëch (See on the Shoo, III. i. Pt. ii. 3), and then Tsze-chang, knowing that he could not conquer, wished to flee [to another State]. The historiographer said to him, "You sought the office, when it seemed safe; if now, in difficulty, you flee from it, what State will you enter? You must die in this struggle, and will thus make a complete atonement for your former offences. 'In the 11th month, on Kăng-woo, the two armies were drawn up at Pih-keu, when the younger brother of Hoh-leu, [who afterwards called himself] king Foo-k'ae, early in the morning made a request to Hoh-leu, saying, "In consequence of the want of benevolence in Wa of Ts'oo, his officers have no mind to die [in this struggle]. If I first attack him, his soldiers are sure to flee, and if you then follow up my success with the whole army, we are sure to conquer." Hoh-leu refused him permission, but he then said, "I will now give an illustration of the saying that a minister does what is right without waiting for orders. I will die to-day, but [the capital of ] Ts'oo can be entered [in consequence." He then with his own men, 5,000 in number, commenced the battle by an attack on the soldiers of Tsze-chang, who took to flight. The army of Ts'oo was thrown into confusion, and that of Woo inflicted a great defeat upon it. Tsze-chang fled to Ch'ing, and the historiographer Hwang died in his war chariot.' dep. city of King-chow (H), Hoo-pih, had been the capital of Ts'oo since the time of king Woo (B.c. 740-689). defeat us. Continuing the preceding narrative, the Chuen says:-Woo pursued the army of Ts'oo to the Tsing-fah, and was about to fall upon it there, but king Foo-k'ae said, "A wild beast in the toils will still fight; how much more will men! If they know that there is no escape for them, and so fight to the death, they will be sure to and know that they can escape, the rest will be If we let the first of them cross, anxious to follow them, and have no mind to fight. Let us then attack then when the half of them have crossed." This plan was taken, and so the army of Ts'oo was defeated again. [At one place] the men of Ts'oo were taking their meal when those of Woo came upon them, and they fled. The latter ate the food and resumed the pursuit, defeating them again at Yung-she; and with five battles, they reached Ying. Ön Ke-maou, the viscount of Ts'oo took his youngest sister, Me Pe-go, left the city, and crossed the Ts'eu. Koo, the director of Remonstrances, went with him in the same boat, the king, [to keep back] the army of Woo, making men lead elephants with torches [tied to their tails], so as to rush upon it. On Kăng-shin, Woo entered Ying, and [the viscount and others] occupied the palaces according to their rank. Tsze-shaou (A son of the viscount) took the palace of the chief minister, where Foo-k‘ae was going to attack him, which frightened him so that he left it, and the other then entered it. 'Seuh, marshal of the Left, returned, after getting as far as Seih, and defeated the troops of Woo at Yung-she, but was wounded himself. Aforetime he had been in the service of Hoh leu, and therefore felt that it would be a disgrace to him to be taken. He said to his officers, Kow-pe said, "Will it do if one so mean in rank "Which of you can carry off my head?" Woo as I do it?" "Yes," said the marshal; "it has been my error that I [did not know your worth before]. In each of these three battles I have been wounded, and am of no more use." Kowpe then spread his skirt on the ground, cut off the marshal's head, and wrapped it up, after with the head. which he hid the body, and made his escape "The viscount of Ts'oo, after crossing the Ts eu, crossed [also] the Keang, and took refuge in the marsh of Yun. While he was sleeping, some robbers attacked him, and [one of them] aimed a blow at him with a spear, which Wang-sun Yew-yu intercepted by interposing his back, and receiving the weapon in his shoulder. The king on this fled to Yun, followed by Chung Keen carrying his young sister on his back. Yew-yu [also] slowly revived, and followed him. Hwae, the younger brother of Sin, commandant of Yun, wanted to kill the king, saying, “King Ping put my father to death. May I not now put his son to death ?" Sin said, “When a ruler punishes a subject, who dare count him an enemy for it? The ruler's order is [the will of ] Heaven. If a man dies by the will of Heaven, who can be regarded as the enemy? The ode (She, III. iii. ode VI. 3) says, 'He neither devours the mild, It is only the truly virtuous man who can do thus. To avoid the powerful and insult the weak is contrary to valour. To take advantage of another's straits is contrary to benevolence. To cause the destruction of your ancestral temple and the discontinuance of its sacrifices is contrary to filial piety. To take action which will have no good name is contrary to wisdom. If you are determined to violate all these principles, I will kill you.” [After this], Tow Sin, and another younger brother Ch'aou, fled with the king to Suy, whither they were followed by the men of Woo, who said to the people of Suy, "The States about the Han, possessed by descendants of [the House of] Chow, have been all destroyed by Ts'oo. Heaven has now moved our hearts to inflict punishment on Ts'oo, and your ruler is concealing its [ruler]. What is the offence of the House of Chow? If your ruler will try to recompense the House of Chow, and extend his favour to us, so that we may accomplish the purpose which Heaven has put into our hearts, it will be the act of his kindness, and the lands of Han-yang shall be his." The viscount of Ts'oo was on the north of [one of] the palaces of the marquis of Suy, and the men of Woo were on the south of it. Tsze-k'e (A brother of king Ch'aou), who was like the king, [told the latter] to make his escape, and as if he himself were the king, proposed to the people of Suy to deliver him up, for that so the king would escape. They consulted the tortoise-shell about it, and receiving an unfavourable reply, they refused the request of Woo, saying, "Suy, though small and isolated, and situated near to Ts'oo, has been preserved by that State. For generations there have been the engagements of covenants between us, which to this day we have not violated. If in the time of its calamity we should abandon it, wherewith should we serve your ruler? The troubles of your ministers would not arise from one man only. If you can consolidate under Woo all the territory of Ts'oo, we shall not presume not to obey your orders." On this the men of Woo withdrew. Loo Kin before this had been an officer in the family of Tsze-k'e, and [now] appealed to the people of Suy not to give up [the fugitives]. The king requested that Kin might be introduced to him, but he declined the honour, saying, "I do not dare to make your strait a source of profit." The king made a cut over [the region of] Tsze-k'e's heart, and [with the blood] made a covenant with the people of Suy. 'At an earlier period, Woo Yun had been on terms of friendship with Shin Paou-seu; and when he fled from Ts'oo, he said to him " "I shall repay Ts'oo for this." Paou-seu replied, "Do your utmost. You can repay [your wrong], and I can raise up Ts'oo [again]." When king Ch'aou was in Suy, Shin Paou-seu went to Ts'in to beg the help of an army, and said, "Woo is a great pig and a long snake, bent on eating up the superior States, one after another. Its tyranny has commenced with Ts'oo. My ruler having failed to maintain his altars, is now a fugitive in the wilds, and has sent me to tell you of his distress, and to say for him, "That barbarous State of the east is insatiable. If it become your neighbour, it will be a constant cause of trouble to your borders. While Woo has not settled its conquest, let your lordship [come and] take a portion of it. If Ts'00 indeed perisli, the land will be yours; if by your powerful help and comfort [I can preserve it], it will be to serve your lordship with it for generations."" The earl of Ts'in sent a refusal [for the present] to him, saying, “I have heard your orders. Go in the meantime to your lodging. I will take counsel and inform you of the result." Paou-seu replied, "My ruler is a fugitive in the wilds, and has nowhere to lie down. How dare I go to a place of ease?" He stood leaning against the wall of the courtyard, and cried. Day or night his voice was not silent; a spoonful of water did not enter his mouth;-for seven days. [At the end of that time], duke Gae of Ts'in sang to him the Woo-e (She, I. xi. ode VIII. 7), on which he bowed his head nine times to the ground, and remained kneeling on the earth. Soon after an army of Ts'in took the field.' 亥朔日有食之 夏歸粟于蔡 於越 吳 虞 月丙申季孫意 知吳道 七月壬子叔孫 8左傳日五年春王人戰子朝於想 夏粟于蔡以周亟矜無資 越入吳吳在楚也 六月季平子行東野還未至丙申卒於房陽虎將以璵璠斂仲槊懷 今申包胥以秦師至秦子蒲子虎帥車五百乘以救楚子蒲日吾未 遠射於柏舉其子帥奔徒以從子西敗吳師於軍祥秋七月子期子 晉士鞅帥師圍 母於吳不待而貓葉公終不正視 今乙亥陽虎囚季桓子及公父文伯而逐仲梁懷冬十月丁亥殺公 何藐己丑盟桓子於稷門之內庚寅大詛逐公父獄及秦遄皆齊齊 晉脾余不西從子也逃身王鬭所日白,亂,之 圍事,戈使能,使王頁將旣德包志唯亹則則入 余如由我嫁定滅胥 思涉必 季小王忠舊其歸和郢, 以羋又怨孫王怨帑焉 鮮余 虞.亦 報 觀 在各 麇 保妻季何道賈賞以不能 也。袒有 復路鍾求也。宋鬭敗,與定不 高命國建辭且申木辛君 今楚子入於郢初圖辛聞吳人之爭宮也日 隨吳爭 V. 1 示 子於以日吾包鬭主 之不 西脾為所尤胥懷。孫效及之 背,能大,問洩樂以子日子由焉。寧奔征,之 日王何高聞尹為旗吾西于王 此遇 王王女其爲日王 日欲 能雲固知而隨丈諸非懷鍾復子於必吾 In the [duke's] fifth year, in spring, in the king's third month, on Sin-hae, the first day of the moon, the sun was eclipsed. In summer, we sent grain to Ts'ae. 2 3 Yu-yueh entered Woo. 4 Ke-sun E-joo died. 5 6 Iu autumn, in the seventh month, on Jin-tsze, Shuh-sun In winter, Sze Yang of Tsin led a force, and laid siege to Par. 1. This eclipse took place, at noon, on Feby 10th, B.C. 504. Kung yang has E♬ instead of 三月, which is an error. [The Chuen introduces here the death of [the king's] son Chaou who maintained so long a struggle for the throne: This spring, an officer of the king killed [the king's] son Chaou in Ts'oo.] action. We can understand how Ts'ae should have been in distress from want of provisions, over-run, as it had been, in the previous year by Ts'oo, and taking a prominent part, as it had done, in the operations of Woo against that State. Par. 3. Yu-yueh is Yueh; but it is difficult to account for the initial Yu. Too makes it simply an initial sound (發聲). Löw Chang Par. 2. is the general name for gluma- tells us that the people of the State themselves ceous grain, now generally applied (See Wil-called it Yu-yueh, and that the States of Chow liams' Phonetic dict. in voc. ) to millet and maize; but the meaning need not be restricted here. Tso-she says that Loo did this to succour Tstae in its distress, pitying its want of supplies. Kung and Kuh supply 諸侯, the States,' as the nominative to; but, according to the analogy of other passages, the text can only be speaking of Loo. Other States may have done the same thing, though no notice is taken of their called it Yueh; which account would agree with the use of the former style in the text here, Yueh, we may suppose. having sent a notification to Loo of its movement. Other explanations have been offered on which we need not dwell. We must understand here as the name of the State. Yueh entered the boundaries, not the capital. of Woo, taking advantage, as Tsoshe says, of the viscount of Woo's being in Tstoo with all his forces. |