假 人。可 器與名 不可以 XXXII. 1 2 3 B 國,何 不 A 君,是 以 知 矣,也 於 此季 慎 以得君,民 In his thirty-second year, in spring, in the king's first month, the duke was in Kan-how. He took K'an. In summer, Woo invaded Yueh. It was autumn, the seventh month. 4 In winter, Chung-sun Ho-ke joined Han Puh-sin of Tsin, Kaou Chang of Ts'e, Chung Ke of Sung, She-shuh Shin of Wei, Kwoh Ts'an of Ch'ing, and officers of Ts'aou, Keu, Sëeh, K'e, and Little Choo, in walling Ching-chow. 5 In the twelfth month, on Ke-we, the duke died in Kan-how. Par. 1. K'an, see II. xi. 9. Tso repeats on this par. his remark on the first of last year, with the addition that it shows also how the duke could not use his friends,-referring to his repeated neglect of the counsels of Tsze-këa. He says nothing of the duke's capture of Kan. Kung-yang erroneously says it was a city of Choo, but this is inconsistent with what we read of it in the Chuen on XI. i. 4. The questions of how and why the duke took it must be left unanswered. Par. 2. The Chuen says: "This was the first instance of a [regular] expedition on the part of Woo against Yueh. The historiographer Mih said, "In less than 40 years Yueh is likely to have possession of Woo! The year-star is now in Yueh's quarter of the heavens, and Woo, invading that State, is sure to experience an evil influence from it."' Par. 4, Kuh-lëang has 太叔 for世叔, and after 莒人 he has 邾人, where Kungyang also has 邾 人 The Chuen says: In autumn, in the 8th month, the king sent Foo Sin and Shih Chang to Tsin, to ask that Ch'ing-chow might be walled. The son of Heaven said, "Heaven sent down calamity on Chow, and made my brothers all have a feeling of insubordination, to the grief of you my uncle. You princes of my own surname, and those of other surnames, have not dwelt in quiet, [because of my troubles], now for ten years, and for five you have had the labour of guarding my territory. There is not a day in which. I, the one man, forget your service. My grief is like that of the husbandman, who is Looking for a good year [after one of scarcity], and trembling waits for the [coming] season. If you, my uncle, will extend your great kindness, and repeat the service of [your ancestors], the two Wăn, by removing the sorrow of the House of Chow, thereby getting the blessing of Wăn and Woo, to establish your position as lord of covenants, and publish abroad your good name, then I, the one man, will have got what I greatly wish. Formerly king Ching assembled the princes, and fortified Ching-chow, that it might be the eastern capital [of the kingdom];-thus honouring the virtue of [king] Wan. Now I wish, by the blessing and powerful influence of king Ching, to repair the walls of Ching-chow, that my guards may be relieved of their toil, that the States may be able to rest, that the evils which prey on us like insects may be removed far away;-and this is to be done by the strength of Tsin. I lay it upon you, my uncle, that you may take it into serious consideration, and thus I, the one man, will not excite [any longer] the dissatisfaction of the people, and you will have the glory of the beneficence, which [the Spirits of] my predecessors will reckon to be your merit. 'Fan Heen-tsze said to Wei Heen-tsze, "It is better to wall the city than to keep on guarding Chow,-as the son of Heaven has said. If there be any future troubles, Tsin need not take any knowledge of them. By following the king's orders, we shall give relief to the States, and Tsin will be freed from a cause of anxiety;-if we do not earnestly address ourselves to this, in what other thing should we engage?" Heen-tsze approved, and sent Pil-yin to reply, "We dare not but receive with reverence the orders of the son of Heaven, and will at once send instructions to the various States. How early or how late and in what order [the work is to be done], shall be as you prescribe." Wei 'In winter, in the 11th month, Wei Shoo and Han Puh-sin went to the capital, and assembled the great officers of the [various] States in Teihts'euen, where they renewed the [existing] covenant, and gave orders for the walling of Ch'ing-chow. [On this occasion] Wei-tsze took a position with his face to the south (As if he had been a ruler giving audience), which made Pew He of Wei say, Wei-tsze is sure to meet 66 with [some] great calamity. To arrogate such a place, and there give orders for our great undertaking, does not belong to his office. The ode (She, III. ii. ode X. 8) says:— 'Revere the anger of Heaven, And presume not to be mocking and self- Revere the changing moods of Heaven, how much less should one arrogate a place [that | is not his], to carry out a great undertaking." 'On Ke-chow, Sze Me-mow surveyed Chingchow, and calculated the height and thickness of the wall [that had to be built], measured the depth of the moats and ditches, determined the situation of the ground, estimated the distance of the parts [from one another], reckoned the time for the work and the number of the workmen, made provision for the materials, and wrote down the amount of provisions, in order to as sign their services to the different States, with the quantity of work to be done by their men. He gave his specifications to the officers [of the different States], and submitted the whole to the viscount of Lew. Han Keen-tsze undertook the superintendence of the work; and thus the [king's] command was executed.' Par. 5. The Chuen says:- In the 12th month, the duke was ill, and gave gifts to his great officers all round, which they would not receive. Tsze-këa-tsze, however, received what were presented to him,-a piece of jade with two tigers cut upon it, a ring, and a peih; on which all the others accepted their gifts. On Ke-we, the duke died, and Tsze-këa-tsze 66 returned the gifts to the treasurer, saying, "I took them because] I did not dare to oppose the ruler's order." All the others did the same. The style of the text, that "the duke died in Kan-how," shows how he was not in the proper place for such an event. Chaon Keen-tsze asked the historiographer Mih, saying, "Ke-she expelled his ruler, and the people submitted to him, and the States assented to his act. His ruler has died out of Loo, and no one incriminates him." Mih replied, "Things are produced in twos, in threes in fives,-in pairs. Hence in the heavens there are the three Shin; in earth there are the five elementary substances; the body has the left [side] and the right, and every one has his mate or double. Kings have their dukes, and princes have their ministers who are their doubles. Heaven produced the Ke family to be the double of the marquis of Loo, as has been the case for long. Is it not right that the people should submit in this case? The rulers of Loo have, one after another, lost their power, and the Heads of the Ke family have, one after another, diligently improved their position. The people have forgotten their ruler, and, though he has [now] died abroad, who pities him? The [same] altars are not always maintained in a State; rulers and ministers do not always retain their [different] positions; from of old it has been so. Hence the ode (II. iv. ode IX. 3) says, "High banks become valleys, Deep valleys become heights.' The surnames of the sovereigns of the three [previous dynasties] are now borne by men among the people, as you know. Among the diagrams of the Yih there is Ta-chwang ★ where we have the [trigram of] thunder mounted upon that of heaven;-thus showing the way of Heaven. Ching Ke-yew was the youngest son of duke Hwan, the beloved son of Wăn Keang. When she first felt that she was pregnant, she consulted the tortoiseshell, and the diviner told her that she would have a son of admirable character and famous, that his name would be Yew, and that he would be a help to the ducal House (Comp. the narrative appended to IV. ii. 5). When the child was born, as the diviner had said, there was the character Yew () on his hand, by which he was named. Afterwards, he did great and good service to Loo, received Pe, and was made minister of the highest rank. His descendants Wan-tsze and Woo-tsze suceessively increased their patrimony, and did nothing contrary to the old services of their family. On the death of duke Wăn of Loo, when Tung-mun (the Kung-tsze Suy of VI. xviii. 5, et al.; called also Seang-chung] killed his proper heir, and raised the son of a concubine to the marquisate, the rulers of Loo from that time lost their power, and the government was in the hands of the Ke family. The deceased was the fourth of them. When the people have ceased to know the ruler as such, how should he possess the State? Hence it appears that rulers of States should be careful of the insignia and names of rank, and should not let them be in the hands of others." The last eight years of duke Ch'aou's life were thus spent by him as a fugitive from Loo in Ts'e and Tsin. He was evidently a man of little character or capacity; and the wonder is that Ke-sun E-joo did not take the title of marquis of Loo to himself. First year. 二章 定公 左傳日元年春王正月辛巳晉魏舒合 諸侯之大夫於狄泉將以城成周魏子 涖政衞彪徑日將建天子而易位以令 元年春王三月晉人執宋 非義也大事杆義必有大昝管不失諸 仲幾于京師 魏子其不免乎是行也魏獻子屬役 於韓簡子及原壽過而田於大陸焚焉 還卒於甯范獻子去其柏槨以其未 夏六月癸亥公之喪至自 命而田也孟懿子會城成周庚寅裁宋 乾侯戊辰公卽位 三章 九月大 立煬宮 仲幾不受功日滕薛郳吾役也薛宰 宋爲無道絕我小國於周以我適 我常從宋晉文公爲踐土之盟日凡 月癸巳葬我君昭公 同盟各復舊職若從踐土若從米亦唯 命仲幾日踐土固然薛幸日薛之皇祖 日晉之從政者新子姑受功歸吾視 而好用遠人 昭公出故季平子禱於 墓以 . 君,得子 在季若 覊孫公 ,自知弗願子從 之 氏侯入知子主以聽 歸矣,幾 齊三日 高月己縱 張 無子 辭 旬神神 違而誣其 天 我 於使事 菓子 出願也不叔子 乃也 違諸寵士 納伯 I. 1 2 3 4 In the [duke's] first year, in spring, in the king's third month, the people of Tsin seized Chung Ke of Sung in the capital. In summer, in the sixth month, on Kwei-hae, the coffin of duke [Ch'aou] arrived from Kan-how. On Mow-shin the duke came to the [vacant] seat. In autumn, in the seventh month, on Kwei-sze, we buried our ruler, duke Ch'aou. In the ninth month, there was a grand sacrifice for rain 5 We set up a temple to duke Yang. 6 In winter, in the tenth month, there fell hoarfrost, which killed the pulse. tate to accept this latter explanation; unless, indeed, as it may be, have dropped out of the text. On the whole of the paragraph, as I have printed it, the Chuen narrates:-* In spring, in the king's first month, on Sin-sze, Wei Shoo of Tsin assembled the great officers of [many of ] the States in Teih-ts'euen, to proceed to the walling of Ching-chow. Wei-tsze took the government of the undertaking, on which Pew He of Wei said, "It is not right in him to take another position than his own, when we are [thus] proceeding to strengthen the [residence of the] sou of Heaven. A violation of right in such a great matter is sure to be followed by great evil. If Tsin do not lose the States, Wei-tsze will probably come to an early death." Wei Heen-tsze then proceeded to entrust the service to Han TITLE OF THE BOOK.-, 'Duke Ting.' As duke Ch'aou's sons had been the instigators of the attack on Ke Ping-tsze which had led to their father's expulsion from the State and his death in exile, it was not to be supposed that one of them would now be called to the marquisate. Ping-tsze was not prepared to seize the State for himself; and as some action was now necessary, in consequence of duke Ch'aou's death, he agreed to the appointment of Sung a son of duke Scang, and a younger brother of Chaou, who had been among his followers in Tse and Tsin. We are not told who the mother of Sung was, but he must at this time, we may conclude, have been over 40 years of age. His honorary title denotes Giving rest to the people, and greatly anxious (Keen-tsze and Yuen Show-kwo, while he himself 慮日定) Ting's 1st year synchronized with the 11th of king King (E); the 3d of Ting of Tsin (); the 39th of King of Ts'e; the 26th of Ling of Wei(); the 10th of Ch'aou of Ts'ae(); the 5th of Heen of Ching A); the 1st of Tung, duke Yin, of Ts'avu (隱公通); the 21st of Hwuy of Chin (惠 ; the 9th of Taou of K'e (); the 8th of King of Sung (#4); the 28th of Gae of Tein(); the 7th of Ch'aou of Ts'00 (); and the 6th of Hoh-leu (of Woo. Par. 1. The three Chuen all make two graphs of this, taking the 4 characters hunted in Ta-luh, setting fire to the coverts; and as he was returning, he died in Ning. Fan Heen-tsze refused to his body the coffin of cypress wood, because he had gone to hunt before reporting the execution of his commission. Măng E-tsze [now came to] take part in the walling; and on Kang-yin they erected the building-frames. Chung Ke of Sung, however, then declined his share of the work, saying, "Tang, Seeh, and E must serve for us." The administrator of Seeh said, "Sung is acting contrary to what is proper, cutting off us small States from Chow. Having taken us with it to Ts'oo, we have always followed it. But when duke Wăn of Tsin made the covenant of Tseen-too, it was said, 'All of us covenanting States shall return to our old duties.' Whether we shall follow [that covenant of ] Tseen-too or follow Sung, it is [for Tsin] to say.' Chung Ke said, "By that covenant even it should be para-founder of Seel, He-chung, dwelt in Seeh, and as I say;" and the administrator replied, "The 春王 as the 1st, and 三月云云 as the other; and the K'ang-he editors follow their example. But do not make sense by themselves; and to suppose that E 月 was purposely suppressed by Confucius, to mark his condemnation of all the circumstances of the time, appears to me quite unreasonable. The K'ang-he editors say:-On the omission of after, Too Yu observes that it is owing to the fact that duke Ting's accession only took place in the 6th month. Many of the critics have followed him, holding further that the suppression shows the impropriety of Ke-she's exercising the ducal prerogative of giving out the times of new moon; and this view is altogether in accordance with the facts and reason of the case. Shaou Paou, Chaou Hăng, and Yu Kwang, however, think the omission is owing simply to there having been nothing to record under the 1st and 2d months of this year.' I cannot hesi was master of the carriages to [the founder of the] Hea [dynasty]. He removed to Pei, but Chung-hwuy [again] dwelt in Seeh, and was minister of the Left to Tang. If we were to resume our old duties, we should be officers of the king;-what cause is there that we should do service for any of the States ?" Chung Ke said, "Each of the three dynasties is a different thing. How can Seeh have any older [duty] than its present? To do the service of Sung is its duty." Sze Me-mow said, "The present chief minister of Tsin is newly appointed (Fan Shoo). Do you (To Chung Ke) in the meaa Heen-tsze, who had taken the place of Wei time accept the duty. When I return [to Tsin], I will look into the old archives." Chung ke replied, "You may forget it, but will the Spirits of the hills and streams forget it?" Sze l'ih was angry, and said to Han Keen-tsze, “Seeh makes its appeal to men, and Sung makes its appeal to Spirits. The offence of Sung is great. Having nothing, moreover, to say for itself, it presses us with [this appeal to] Spirits ;-it is imposing on us, Its conduct is an illustration of the saying, If you open the door to favourites, you will experience contempt from them (See the Shoo, |