己亥孟孝伯卒 居喪而不哀在感而有嘉容是謂不度不度之人鮮不爲患若果立之必爲季氏憂武子不聽卒立之比及 三易衰衰班如故衰於是昭公十九年矣猶有童心君子是以知其不能終也 冬十月滕成公來會葬惰而多弟子服惠伯日腠君將死矣怠於其位而哀已甚兆於死所矣能無從平 癸酉葬襄公 公薨之月子產枏鄭伯以如晉晉侯以我喪故未之見也子產使盡壞其館之垣而納車馬焉士文伯讓之 日敝邑以政刑之不修寇盜充斥無若諸侯之屬辱在寡君者何是以令吏人完客所館高其閈閎厚其墻坦 以無憂客使今吾子壞之雖從者能戒其若異客何以敝邑之爲盟主繕完葺牆以待賓客若皆毁之其何以 共命寡君使匄請命對日以邑福小介於大國誅求無時是以不敢寕居悉索敵賦以來會時事逢執事之 不閒而未得見又不獲聞命未知見時不敢輸幣亦不敢暴露其輸之則君之府實也非薦陳之不敢輸也其 則恐燥濕之不時而朽蠹以重做邑之罪僑聞文公之爲盟主也宮室卑庳無觀臺榭以崇大諸侯之 館館如公寢庫廐繕修司空以時平易道路圬人以時螟館公室諸侯賓至甸設庭燎僕人巡宮車馬有所賓 從有代巾車脂轄隸人牧園各瞻其事百官之屬各展其物公不留賓而亦無廢事憂樂同之事則巡之 不知而恤其不足賓至如歸無寕菑患不畏寇盜而亦不患燥濕今銅鞮之宮數里而諸侯舍於隸人門不容 單而不可踰越盜賊公行而夭癘不戒賓見無時命不可知若又勿壞是無所藏幣以重罪也敢請執事將何 所命之雖君之有魯喪亦做邑之憂也若 幣脩垣而行君之惠也敢憚勤勞文 命趙文子曰信我實 不德而以人之垣以赢諸侯是吾罪也使士文伯謝不敏焉晉侯見鄭伯有加禮厚其宴好而歸之乃築 侯之館叔向日辭之不可以已也如是夫子產有辭諸侯賴之若之何其釋辭也詩日辭之輯矣民之物危 之繹矣民之莫矣其知之矣鄭子皮使印段如楚以適晉告禮也 莒犂比公生去疾及展與既立展與叉廢之犂比公虐國人患之十一月展興因國人以攻莒子弒之乃立去 ⊕吳子使屈狐庸聘於晉通路也趙文子問焉日延州來季子其果立乎巢隕諸樊悶戕戴吳天似啟之何如 ○十二月北宮文子相衞襄公以如楚未之盟故也過鄭印段旁於棐林如聘禮而以免辭文子入聘 ⊕子皮欲使尹何爲邑子產日少未知可否子皮日愿吾愛之不吾叛也使夫往而學焉夫亦愈知治矣子產 CHUN TSEW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN 敢求愛於子子於鄭國棟也棟折楨崩僑將厭焉敢不盡言子有美錦不使人學製焉大官大邑身之所庇也 而使學者製焉其爲美錦不亦多乎僑聞學而後入政未聞以政學者也若果行此必有所害譬如田獵射御 貫則能獲禽若未嘗登車射御則敗績厭覆是懼何暇思孔子皮日善哉虎不敏吾聞君子務知大者遠者小 人務知小者近者我小人也衣服附在吾身我知而慎之大官大邑所以庇身也我遠而慢之微子之言吾不 知也他日我日子爲鄭國我爲吾家以庇焉其可也今而後知不足自今請雖吾家聽子而行子產日人心之 如其面焉吾豈敢謂子面如吾面乎抑心所謂危亦以告也子皮以爲忠故委政焉子產是以能爲鄭國 衛侯在楚北宮文子見令尹圍之威儀言於衛侯日令尹似君矣將有他志雖獲其志不能終也詩云靡不 有初鮮克有終終之實難令尹其將不免公日子何以知之對曰詩云敬慎威儀惟民之則令尹無威儀民無 則焉民所不則以在民上不可以終公日善哉何謂威儀對日有威而可畏謂之威有儀而可象謂之儀君有 君之威儀其臣畏而愛之則而象之故能有其國家令聞長世臣有臣之威儀其下畏而愛之故能守其官職 保族宜家順是以下皆如是是以上下能相固也衞詩日威儀棣棣不可選也言君臣上下父子兄弟內外大 皆有威儀也周詩曰朋友攸攝攝以威儀言朋友之道必相教訓以威儀也周書數文王之德日大國畏其 力小國懷其德言畏而 XXXI. 1 2 3 4 5 In the [duke's] thirty-first year, it was spring, the king's first month. In summer, in the sixth month, on Sin-sze, the duke died in the Ts'oo palace. In autumn, in the ninth month, on Kwei-sze, the [duke's] son Yay died. On Ke-hae, Chung-sun Keeh died. In winter, in the tenth month, the viscount of Tăng came to be present at the [duke's] interment. 6 On Kwei-yew, we buried our ruler, duke Seang. In the eleventh month, the people of Keu murdered their ruler, Meih-chow. 7 Par. 1. [We find here in the Chuen the two following narratives :— 1st. This spring, in the 1st month, when Muh-shuh returned from the meeting [at Shenyuen], he visited Măng Heaou-pih, and said to him, "Chaou-măng will [soon] die. His language was irrelevant, not becoming in a lord of the people. And moreover, though his years are not yet 50, he keeps repeating the same thing like a man of 80 or 90:-he cannot endure long. If he die, the government, I apprehend, will fall into the hands of Han-tsze. You had better speak to Ke-sun, so that he may establish a good understanding [with Han-tsze], who is a superior man. The ruler of Tsin will lose his [control of the] government. If we do not establish such an understanding, so that [Han-tsze] may be prepared to act in behalf of Loo, then when the government [of Tsin] comes to be with the great officers, and Han-tsze turns out to be weak, we shall find those officers very covetous, and their demands upon us will be insatiable. We shall find [also] that neither Ts'e nor Ts'oo is worth our adhering to it, and Loo will be in a perilous case." Heaou-pih observed, "Man's life is not long; who can keep from that irrelevancy? The morning may not be followed by the evening; of what use would it be to establish that good understanding?" Muh-shuh went out from the interview, and said to a friend, "Măng-sun will [soon] die. I told him of the irrelevancy of Chaou-măng, and his own language was still more irrelevant." He then spoke [himself ] to Ke-sun about the affairs of Tsin, but [that minister] did not follow [his counsel]. When Chaou Wăn-tsze died, the ducal House of Tsin was reduced to a low State. The government was ruled by the ambitious families. Han Seuen-tsze was chief minister, but could not deal with the cases of the States. Loo was unable to endure the requirements of Tsin, and slanderous charges against it multiplied, till [at last] there came the meeting of Ping-k'ëw (See below in the 13th year of duke Ch'aou).' 2d. Tsze-we of Ts'e hated Lew-këw Ying; and, wishing to put him to death, he made him lead a force, and attack Yang-chow. We went to ask the reason of such an expedition; and in summer, in the 5th month, Tsze-we put Lewkëw Ying to death, to satisfy our army. Kung. low Sha, Sing Tsaou, K'ung Hwuy, and Këa Yin, fled from Tse to Keu. All the sons of the previous dukes were driven out.'] Par. 2. Duke Seang was thus still a young man when he died, being only in his 35th year. The history of his rule much belies his name of Sëang, for the conduct of affairs during it was the reverse of successful. On his visit to Ts'oo, the duke had admired its palaces, and erected one on his return after their pattern, giving to it the name of that State. The Chuen says:- When the duke built the Ts'oo palace, Muh-shuh said, "We read in the Great Declaration (Shoo, V. i. Pt. i. 11), What a man desires, Heaven is sure to gratify him in.' Our ruler's desire is for Ts'oo, and therefore he has made this palace. If he do not again go to Ts'oo, he is sure to die here. [Accordingly], in the Ts'oo palace he did die, on Sin-sze, in the 6th month. Shuh-chung Tae (The Shuh-chung Ch'aou-pih of the Chuen on vii. 4) stole [on this occasion] the large peih, giving it [first] to his charioteer, who put it in his breast, and afterwards getting it from him again. In consequence of this he was deemed an offender [by the people].' Par. 3. Comp thein III. xxxii. 5. But the death of duke Chwang's son was a death of violence, and should have been so described, while the death of Yay in the text was from disease. The Chuen says:-[On the duke's death], Yay, his son by King Kwei, a lady of the house of Hoo, was appointed his successor, and lived in the mansion of Ke-sun; but in autumn, in the 9th month, on Kwei-sze, having been pining away, he died. Ke-sun then declared the succession to be in the Kung-tsze Chow, the duke's son by Ts'e Kwei, the cousin of King Kwei, [who had accompanied her to the harem]. Muhshuh was dissatisfied with the choice, and said, "When the eldest son [by the wife] dies, his own younger brother should have the succession. And if he have no own brother, then the eldest of his father's other sons [by concubines]. When there are two of the same age, the worthier should be chosen; where they do not differ in regard to their righteousness, the tortoise-shell should be consulted:-this was the ancient way. [Yay] was not the heir as being the wife's son, and it was not necessary to appoint the son of his mother's cousin. This man, moreover, has shown no grief in his mourner's place; in the midst of the sorrow he has looked pleased. He is what may be pronounced a man without rule', and it is seldom that such an one does not occa sion trouble. If indeed he be appointed marquis, he is sure to give sorrow to the family of Ke." Ke Woo-tsze would not listen to his remonstrance, and the issue was that Chow was appointed. By the time of the burial, he had thrice changed his mourning, and the flaps of his coat looked quite old. At this time, he―duke Ch'aou-was 19 years old, and he still had a boy's heart, from which a superior man could know that he would not go on well to the end.' Par.4. This was Măng Heaou-pih. He was succeeded by his son Hwoh (), known as Măng He-tsze (孟僖子), as Head of the Chung sun clan, and minister. Par. 5. This is the first instance we have of the lord of another State coming in person to Loo to the funeral of one of its marquises. It was an innovation on the rules which regulated the intercommunion of the States. Ch'in Fooleang; Sung dyn.) says:- At the second burial of duke Hwuy, the marquis of Wei came and was present, but duke Yin did not see him (See the 2d narrative after I. i. 5); for, in the beginning of the Ch'un Ts'ëw period, Loo still held fast the rules of propriety. On the death of duke King of Tsin, duke Ching went to present his condolences (VIII. x. 6). By that time Loo had been brought low, and they detained him in Tsin, and made him attend the burial. None of the other princes were present, and the people of Loo felt the disgrace, for up to that time no prince of another State had been present at the funeral of the president of the States even. At the burial of king Kang of T's'oo, the duke [of Loo], with the marquis of Ch'in, the earl of Ching, and the baron of Heu, had attended it to the outside of the west gate. Thus the princes of the kingdom had been present at the funeral of [a lord of] Ts'oo; and now the viscount of Tăng came to the funeral of duke Seang. In the end of the ChunTs'ew period, it became a sort of allowable thing for one prince to be present at the funeral of another, but to hurry away to the ceremonies immediately following after death was still too great a breach of rule." The rule was, according to the old regulations, that on the death of any prince, the other States should immediately despatch an officer to express their condolences, and then despatch a great officer to attend the funeral. The Chuen says:- Duke Ching of Tăng came to be present at the burial, but he behaved rudely, while at the same time he shed many tears. Tsze-fuh Hwuy-pih said, "The ruler of Tăng will [soon] die. Rude in his place [of mourning.] and yet showing an excessive grief, here is a premonition in the place of death-must he not [soon] follow [our duke]?" Par. 6. [We have here the following narrative: In the month of duke [Seang's] funeral, Tsze-ch'an attended the earl of Ching on a visit to Tsin. The marquis, on the pretence of the death of our duke, did not immediately give the earl an interview, on which Tsze-ch'an made all the walls about their lodging-house be thrown down, and brought in their carriages and horses. Sze Wan-pih went to complain of the proceeding, and said, "Through want of proper attention in our State to the government and the administration of the penal laws, robbers have become quite rife. For the sake, however, of the princes of the States and their retinues, who condescend to come to him, our ruler has made his officers put in good repair the reception-houses for guests, raising high their gates, and making strong the walls around, that they might be free from anxiety [on account of the robbers]. And now you have thrown these down, so that, though your followers may be able to guard you, how will it be in the case of other guests? Our State, as lord of covenants, has to keep the walls of those houses in good repair, with the tops of them safely covered to, be in readiness for its visitors; and if all were to throw them down, how should we be able to respond to the requirements on us? My ruler has sent me to ask what you have to say in the matter." Tsze-ch'an replied, "Through the smallness of our State, and its position between great States, whose demands upon it come we know not when, we do not dare to dwell at ease, but collect all the contributions due from us, and come to consult about the business of the times. It has happened now that your ministers are not at leisure, and we have not obtained an interview with the marquis, nor have we received any instructions, so that we might know when we should do so. We did not dare, [without a previous interview], to send in our offerings, nor did we dare to leave them exposed. If we should send them in [without that interview], they would be [but the regular] appurte nances of your ruler's treasuries:-without the display of them at it, we dare not send them in. If we should leave them exposed, then we were afraid that, through the sudden occurrence of [excessive] heat or rain, they might decay or be injured by insects, and our State be chargeable with a heavy offence. "I have heard that when duke Wan was lord of covenants, his own palace was low and small, and he had no prospect-towers or terraces; that he might make the reception-houses for the princes the more lofty and large. The chambers were as large as his own, and the repositories and stables belonging to them were kept in good order. The minister of Works saw at the proper seasons that the roads were made in good condition. The plasterers in the same way did their duty on the apartments. Then when the visiting princes arrived, the foresters supplied the torches for the courtyards; the watchmen made their rounds about the buildings; the followers of the guests were relieved of their duties by men supplied for the purpose; there were menials, herdsmen, and grooms, to see what might be required of them to do; and the officers belonging to the various departments had the articles which they had to prepare for the guests ready for supply. The duke did not detain his guests, and yet there was nothing neglected. He shared with them their sorrows and joys. He examined any business [they had to lay before him], teaching them where their knowledge was deficient, and compassionating them where in anything they fell short. Guests [then] came to Tsin as if they were going home; -what calamity or distress had they to think of? They did not have to fear robbers, or to be troubled about the heat or the damp. "But now the palace of Tung-te extends over several le, and the princes have to occupy what seem the houses of menials. The gates will not admit their carriages, and they cannot |