the great States would nearly all be broken up, or the Houses which now ruled them give place to others. As to Heang Seuh, with whom the scheme of a general pacification to be secured by this Covenant occurred, he appears to have been a restless dreamer, vain and selfish withal. The scheme itself was, as another officer of Sung pronounced it, a delusion. The time had not come then in China to dispense with the arbitrament of arms, as, alas! it has not yet come in China, or anywhere else in the world. Par. 3. The Chuen says:-Ning He of Wei assumed to himself the whole administration of the government, and the duke was vexed about it. Kung-sun Meen-yu asked leave to put He to death, but the duke said, "But for Ning-tsze, I should not have got to my present position, and I gave him my word. The issue [of any attempt], moreover, cannot be known, and I should only make a bad name [for myself]. Stop." The other replied, "I will kill him. Your lordship need know nothing about it." He then consulted with Kung-sun Woo-te and Kung-sun Shin, and made them attack the Ning. They were unsuccessful, and both died. The duke said, "Shin was guilty of no crime; and [now] both he and his father have died through me." In summer, Meen-yu again at tacked the Ning, when he killed Ning He, and Kuh, the administrator of the Right, and exposed their bodies in the court. [At that time], Shih Goh was about to go to take part in the covenant at Sung. He had received his commission, and was coming out of the court. He threw a garment over [He's] body, pillowed it on his thigh and wept. It occurred to him that he would put it in a coffin, and then flee into exile, but he was afraid he should not escape. He said also to himself that he had received [the State's] commission, and so went on his way.' Par. 4 For Kung and Kuh have. Chuen was the Tsze-seen of the narrative under xxvi. 1. The Chuen says:-Tszen-seen said, "He who drove us out (Sun Lin-foo) has [merely] left the State, and he who received us back (Ning He) is dead. Without the clear [and right application of] rewards and punishments, how is it possible to deter [from evil] and to encourage [to good]? When the ruler has broken his faith, and there is no law in the State, is it not difficult [to carry on the government]? And it was really I who brought this about." With this he left the State to flee to Tsin. The duke sent to stop him, but in vain. When he had got to the Ho, a second messenger came to stop him, whom he detained till he had made an oath [that he would not return]. He then took up his residence in Muh-mun, where he would never sit with his face towards Wei. The commandant of that city advised him to take office [in Tsin], but he refused, saying, "If I took office, and failed in the business of it, I should be an offender; if I succeeded, I should [seem to] show that it was for the sake of office that I had left Wei:-to whom could I make my case clear? I must not stand in the court of any prince." And all his life he did not take office. The duke wore mourning for him all his life. 'The duke offered Meen-yu 60 towns, but he refused them, saying, "It is only a high minister who has the complete number of 100 towns. If I would take these 60, I should in my low position be having the revenue of a higher one. The thing would be disorderly and irregular. I dare not hear of it. And moreover it was Ning-tsze's many towns which caused his death. I am afraid lest death should quickly overtake me." The duke pressed them upon him, when he accepted the half, and became the Juniortutor. The duke wished to make him minister, but he declined the office, saying, "Tae-shuh E does not waver in his fidelity, and can help you in [all] great affairs. Give the appointment to him." Wan-tsze accordingly was made minister.' Par. 5. [The Chuen appends here three narratives;-1st. 'Before Ts'uy Ch'oo of Ts'e became a widower, he had two sons, Ch'ing and Këang. After his marriage with Tung-kwoh Këang (See on xxv. 2), she bore to him Ming, and also brought into his family Tang Wookëw, her son by her former husband, who, with Tung-kwoh Yen, took the management of Ts'uy's family. In consequence of some disease which he had, Ts'uy Ch'ing was degraded from his position [as the eldest son], and Ming appointed in his place, after which he begged that he might be put in possession till his old age of Ts'uy. Ts'uy-tsze granted him that city, but Yen and Woo-këw would not give it to him, saying, "Ts'uy is the ancestral city, and must be in the hands of the lord of the ancestral tem ple." Ching and Keang were enraged, and, having resolved to kill them, they told K'ing Fung, saying, "You know all about our father. He follows [now] only Woo-këw and Yen. None of our uncles or cousins of the clan can get him to listen to a word. The state of things, we are greatly afraid, will be injurious to him, and we presume to tell you of it." King told them to retire for a time, while he considered the matter, which he laid before Loo-poo Peeh. Peeh said, "He showed himself the enemy of his ruler, and Heaven perhaps is now going to abandon him; but why should The thinner Ts'uy is, the thicker grows K'ing.” you feel any distress at disorder in his House? When the sons of Ts'uy came to K'ing Fung another day, he said to them, "If it be profitable for your father, you can remove the two men; and if you get into difficulties, I will assist you." In the 9th month, on Kang-shin, Ts'uy Ching and Ts'uy Keang killed Tung Kwoh Yen and Tang Woo-këw, while they were at the court of Ts'uy-tsze. In a rage he issued from the gate, but his people were all scattered. He sought for men to get his carriage in readiness, but it could not be done. [At last] he got a groom to yoke a carriage for him, and with a eunuch to drive him, he went forth, saying to himself, "It will be fortunate for the Ts'uy family, if only I perish." He then drove to see King Fung, who said, "The Ts'uy and the King are one. Who dared to act thus? Allow me to punish them for you." He then sent Loo-p'oo Peeh with a body of men-at-arms to attack the palace of Ts'uy. It was held, however, by men behind the parapets, who made a successful resistance, till the people were sent to assist the assaulters. Peeh then extinguished the House of Ts'uy, killed Ching and Keang, and carried off all in the house, the wife of Ts'uy-tsze having strangled herself. This done, he returned with a report to that officer, and then drove him back to his palace, where he found that he had nothing to come to, and strangled himself. Tsuy Ming laid him at night in his fathers' grave;-and on Sin-sze he fled himself to Loo. King Fung took the administration of the State.' 2d.'Wei P'e of Ts'oo went to Tsin to confirm the covenant, when the marquis entertained him. As he was leaving the feast, he sang the Ke tsuy (She, III. ii. ode III.). Shuh-hëang said, "Right is it that this Wei should perpetuate his family in Tsoo. Charged with his ruler's commission, he is not unmindful to show his intelligence. Tsze-tang will yet have the government of his State. Active and intelligent in serving his ruler, and thereby able to nourish the people, to whom should the government go but to him ?”, | 3rd. 'When Shin Seen-yu came a fugitive to Loo, in consequence of the troubles occasioned by Tsuy Choo (See the Chuen on xxv.2), he hired a house for himself and servants in the suburbs, and there mourned for duke Chwang. 1 This winter, an officer from Tsoo came to invite him to that State. He went there accordingly, and became director of the Left.'] Par. 6. This eclipse took place on the 7th Oct. B.c. 545, and was visible in Loo in the morning; but that was the 12th cycle day of the text. The Chuen is correct, therefore, in assigning the eclipse to the 11th month; but Tso-she is in error when he goes on to say, "This was really the 9th month, through the error of the officers of the calendar. They had now omitted two intercalations." For the grounds which have been attempted to be made out for this remark, see on the 1st par. of next year. Twenty-eighth year. 卒。 月甲寅天王 乙未楚子昭卒 有有齊孫入子衞十 慶羯月來石有 月封如大 惡八 公司 晉。雱。 奔。 天楚。 邾之晉衞 行،乎之後與盟伯虛必陽,而且 1.左 悼礼,衞人 重如賄盟故胡夏,而饑,蛇淫今傳 公禮人討 丘志禮何也。子齊民乘於日 也。立甯 邾悼公來朝時事也 其氏 從 之禮也為齊沈侯耗 盟也小於侯子陳不虛龍, 未雖事晉將白侯饑中未以 可不大,陳行狄蔡何也鄭有 饑 忘與未文慶朝侯爲 守惡 石出 氏奔 也獲子封於北 之時乎春 耗星菑歲 名也陰在冰。 也宋不星梓 土鄭堪粑慎 W癸巳天王崩未來赴亦未書禮也 二月 月乙亥朔齊人遷葬莊 受而稍致之公以爲忠故 盧 邑焉與晏子邢殿其鄙六十弗受子尾日富人之所欲也何獨弗欲對曰慶氏之邑足欲故 爲宋之盟故公及宋公陳侯鄭伯許思 於大寢以其棺尸崔杼於市國人猶知之皆曰崔子也 寘諸宗室季蘭尸之敬也敬可棄乎 。 而爲之備宋公遂反 王人來告喪間崩日以甲寅告故書之以徵過也 今楚屈建卒趙文子喪之如同盟禮也 XXVIII. 1 In the [duke's] twenty-eighth was no ice. year, in spring, there 2 In summer, Shih Goh of Wei fled from that State to Tsin. 3 4 5 In winter King Fung of Ts'e came a fugitive to Loo. 6 The viscount of Choo came to the court of Loo. 7 In the eleventh month, the duke went to Ts'oo. 8 In the twelfth month, the king [by] Heaven's [grace] died. 9 On Yih-we, Ch'aou, viscount of Ts'oo, died. to that State. Par. 4. This," says Tso-she, "was because of drought." Par. 1. This would seem to be an extraordi- | discharge of the usual duty which Choo owed nary phænomenon, according to the general rule for such entries in the text; but if intercalations had been omitted, so that the calendar was at least two months in advance of the proper time, then the first month of the Chow year began at this time really in our October or perhaps September, when the absence of ice was quite natural. Hence to bring things right, and make the phænomenon extraordinary and ominous, Too Yu introduces in his scheme of the calendar two intercalary months, one immediately after the other at the end of the previous year! The Chuen here says:-There being no ice this spring. Tsze Shin said, "This year there will be famine, it is to be feared, in Sung and Ching. The year [-star] (Jupiter) [ought to be] in Sing-ke (Sagittarius-Capricorn), and it has licentiously advanced into Heuen-hëaou (Capricorn-Aquarius). Hence this ominous character of the season, the yin not being able to overcome the yang. The Snake is mounted on the Dragon, which contains the stars of Sung and Ching. Those States will have famine. The middle star in Hëuen-hëaou is Heu. But Heaou denotes consumption and waste. The land empty, and the people with their resources consumed: what can this mean but famine ?"" [The Chuen appends here:- When the marquis of Ts'ae was returning from Tsin (See the narrative after par. 1), he entered the capital of Ching, where the earl entertained him, and he behaved disrespectfully. Tsze-ch'an said, “The marquis of Ts'ae will not escape an evil death. When he was passing this (On his way to Tsin), our ruler sent Tsze-chen to go and compliment him outside the east gate, and then he carried himself arrogantly. I thought that he might still change his way; but now, when being feasted thus on his return, he is so remiss, snch, it appears, is his nature. Ruler over a small State, and in his service of a great one thus so remiss and arrogant as to show that such is his nature, shall he die a natural death? If he do not escape an evil end, it will be sure to come from his son. He has played the ruler in a lustful and unfatherly way (He had debauched his son's wife), and I have heard that such persons always meet with calamity at the hand of their sons.' Par. 5. Tso-she says:-Măng Heaou-pih [now] went to Tsin to inform that court, that, in accordance with the covenant of Sung, [the duke] was going to Ts'oo.' 66 [The Chuen appends here:-In summer, the marquises of Tse, Chin, and Ts'ae, the earls of north Yen and Ke, the viscounts of Hoo and [We have here two narratives:-1st "When Shin, and the northern Teih, went to appear at the marquis of Ts'ae went to Tsin, the earl of the court of Tsin,-in accordance with the Ching sent Yew Keih to Ts'oo. When he had got covenant of Sung. When the marquis of Tse to the Han, the people of Ts'oo sent him back, was about to go, King Fung said, "We took saying, "According to the covenant of Sung, no part in the covenant. What have you to do your ruler ought to come in person; but here are with Tsin?" Ch'in Wăn-tsze said to him, you come. Our ruler says to you, 'Please reBusiness first and then gifts, is the rule. A turn for the present. I will send a courier with small State, in serving a great one, before it all speed to ask Tsin, and then lay the matter behas discharged the business [which is required], fore you.'" Tsze-t'ae-shuh (Yew Keih) replied, should first comply with its request [to go to it],"In the covenant of Sung, your lordship's comin accordance with its wishes;-this [also] is mands were for the benefit of the small States, the rule. Although we took no part in the coveand you also ordered us to seek the repose and nant, dare we revolt from Tsin? Let us not stability of our altars, and the protection and forget the covenant of Ch'ung-k'ew (xxv. 5). comfort of our people, and thus by the observ Do you advise the marquis to go.""] ance of all proper rules we might enjoy the blessing of Heaven. These were your lordship's orders, and in accordance with them was the hope of our small State. On this account my ruler sent me with skins and silks, in consideration of the difficulties of the year (A famine), on a [merely] friendly visit to your ministers. But now I have their commands, saying, 'What have you to do with governmental matters? You must send your ruler. Let him leave his charge in his own State, travel over the hills and cross the streams, encounter the hoar-frost and the dew' This [only] will satisfy your lordship. The hope of our small State is in you, and we dare not but listen to your commands, Par. 2. See the narrative under par. 3 of last year for the conduct of Shih Goh after the death of Ning He. The Chuen here says:-'The people of Wei were punishing the partizans of the Ning, and Shih Goh fled in consequence to Tsin. In Wei they appointed his nephew, Foo, to take charge of the sacrifices of the Shih family;-which was according to rule.' Par. 3. Tso-she says that this appearance of duke Taou of Choo at the court of Loo was 'the usual affair;' meaning that it was not in consequence of the covenant of Sung, but a 秋八月大雩旱也 令蔡侯歸自晉入於鄭鄭伯享之不敬子產日蔡侯其不免乎日其過此也君使子展廷勞於東門之外而傲 吾日猶將更之今還受享而惰乃其心也君小國事大國而惰傲以爲己心將得死乎若不免必由其子其 也淫而不交僑聞之如是者恒有子禍 孟孝伯如晉告將爲宋之盟故如楚也 今蔡侯之如晉也鄭伯使游吉如楚及漢楚人還之日宋之盟君實親辱今吾子來寡君謂吾子姑還吾將使 今九月鄭游吉如晉告將朝於楚以從宋之盟子產相鄭伯以如楚舍不爲壇外僕言日昔先大夫相先君適 有其罪戾赦其過失救其菑患賞其德刑教其不及小國不困懷服如歸是故作壇 |