Par. 1. 1 must be taken here as in VIII. i. 4, indicating an arrangement either altogether new, or modifying in a most important manner existing arrangements on the subject to which it refers. The Chuen says:-This spring, Ke Woo-tsze wished to form 3 armies, and told Shuh-sun Muh-tsze (Paou) of his purpose, saying, "Let us make three armies, and each of us collect the revenue for the support of his army." Muh-tsze replied, "When the demands [of Tsin] come upon you, [according to this increased establishment], you will not be able [to meet them]." Woo-tsze, however, persisted in his request, till Muh-tsze said, "Well, let us make a covenant." They covenanted accordingly at the gate of [duke] He's temple, the imprecatory sentences being repeated in the street of Woo-foo." In the 1st month they proceeded to the formation of the 3 armies, [the three clans] dividing the ducal prerogative [as it were] into three, and each of them taking one part to itself. The three chiefs broke up their own [establishments of] chariots. The Ke appointed that those who brought their followers and the amount of the military contribution of their families to him, should pay nothing more [to the State], and those who did not so enter his ranks should pay a double contribution. The Mang employed one half the sons and younger brothers in his service. The Shuh-sun employed all the sons and younger brothers. [They had said that], unless they acted thus, they would not alter the old arrangements.' It is to be wished that Tso-she's narrative were more perspicuous and explicit; see also the narrative under X. v. 1, when the new army, or that of the centre, was obliged to be discontinued. The arrangement for 3 armies which was now adopted was an important one, and marked an era in the history of Loo. It was originally a great State, and could furnish the 3 armies, which were assigned by the statutes of Chow to a great State;-see the Chow Le, Bk. XXVIII. par. 3. But its power had gradually decayed; and as Tsin rose to preeminence as the leading State of the kingdom, Loo sank to the class of the second-rate States (), which furnished only two armies. The change from 3 to 2 seems to have taken place under Wăn or Seuen. In this way Loo escaped some of the exactions of Tsin, whose demands for military assistance were proportioned to the force which the States could furnish, and hence, in the Chuen, Shuh-sun Muh-tsze objects to the formation of 3 armies on the ground that they would then be unable to meet the requirements of Tsin. But up to this time, the armies of Loo, whether 3 or 2, had always belonged to the marquises, having been called forth by them as occasion required, and been commanded by their ministers according to their appointment. A great change now took place. The Heads of the three families, -the descendants of duke Hwan, now not only claimed the command of the armies, but they claimed the armies as their own. Taking advantage of the youth of duke Sëang, their act was all but a parting of the State among themselves. They would henceforth be not only its ministers, but its lords, and the direct descendants of the duke of Chow would be puppets in their hands. I must repeat the wish that we had fuller details of the formation of the three armies, and of the pro ceedings of the three chiefs. Too says that they added one army,-that of the centre, to the two already existing; but that is a very imperfect description of their act. The chariots which they broke up would be those belonging to themselves, for which they would now have no separate occasion, and which would therefore go to the formation of the third army. The text relates the event, as if it had proceeded from the duke, or by his authority. Par. 2. See on V. xxxi. 3. Par. 3. The Chuen says:-The people of Ching were troubled about [their relations with] Tsin and Ts'oo, and all the great officers said, "Through our not following Tsin, the State is nearly ruined. Ts'oo is weaker than Tsin, but Tsin shows no eagerness in our behalf. If Tsin were eager in our behalf, Tsoo would avoid it. What shall we do to make the army of Tsin ready to encounter death for us? In that case Ts'oo will not venture to oppose it, and we can firmly adhere to it." Tsze-chen said, "Let us commence hostilities against Sung; the States are sure to come [to its help], when we will submit to them, and make a covenant. The army of Ts'oo will then come, and we shall do the same with it. This will make Tsin very angry. If it can then come quickly and resolutely [into the field], Ts'oo will not be able to do anything against it, and we shall firmly adhere to Tsin." The others were pleased with this proposal, and they made the officers of the borders commence a quarrel with Sung, Heang Seuh of which retaliated with an incursion into Ching, in which he took great spoil. Tszechen said, "We may now invade Sung with an army. If we attack Sung, the States are sure to attack us immediately. We will then hearken to their commands, and at the same time send notice to Ts'oo. When its forces come, we shall further make a covenant with it; and by heavy bribes to the army of Tsin, we shall escape [the vengeance of them both]." Accordingly, in summer, Tsze-chen (Shay-che) made an incursion into Sung.' Tsze-chen had formerly advocated the adherence of Ching in good faith to Tsin, while T'sze-sze had been for adhering now to Tsin and now to Ts'oo, according to the pressure of the time. Tsze-sze was now dead; and the commentators find great fault with Tsze-chen for the crooked course which he took to bring about the accomplishment of his own policy. Par. 4. This is the second of Tsin's great expeditions with the States of the north to break the power of Ts'oo. The Chuen says:'In the fourth month, the States invaded Ching. On Ke-hae, Kwang, eldest son of [the marquis of] Ts'e, and Heang Seuh of Sung, came first to its capital, and attacked the east gate. In the evening of that day, Seun Ying of Tsin arrived in the western suburbs, from which he made an incursion to the old [capital of] Heu (see on VIII. xv. 11). Sun Lin-foo of Wei made an incursion on the northern borders of the State. In the 6th month, the States assembled at Pihlin, and encamped in Heang. Thence they took a circuit, and halted at So, after which they invested the capital, and made a [grand] display of their forces outside the south gate, and on the west crossed over the Tse-suy.' Par. 5. Instead of gether [are here], because your great State found it necessary to punish a small one which had offended. Having obtained sufficient ground for your present course, you are ready to exercise forgiveness. My ruler has received your commands." Kung and Kuh have Poh-shing was in Ching, and, acc. to the K'ang-he editors, must have been in the pres. district of Yen-sze, dep. Ho-nan. This is very doubtful. Too and nearly all the critics explain the The people of Ch'ing presented to the marwith reference to the presence of quis of Tsin the music-masters, Kwei, Ch'uh, and Ching, and its joining in the covenant. No Keuen; fifteen, each, of wide chariots and guardprevious instance where the term has occurred chariots with the buff-coats and weapons for exactly corresponds to this; and perhaps Tan them complete, and other war-chariots amountTsoo is right in thinking that Ching was not ing altogether to a hundred; two sets of musical present. The Chuen says:-The people of bells, with the large bells and musical stones Ching [now] became afraid, and sought terms belonging to them; and sixteen female musiof accommodation. In autumn, in the 7th month, cians. The marquis gave one half [of these two they made a covenant together in Poh. Fan last gifts] to Wei Këang, saying, "It was you Sëuen-tsze said, "If we be not careful, we shall who taught me to harmonize the Jung and the lose the States. Wearied as they have been by Teih, so as secure the adherence of the great marching, and not [really] accomplishing any- States (see the long Chuen at the end of the thing, can they be but disaffected ?" Accord4th year). In the space of 8 years, I have nine ingly, when they covenanted, the words were:- times asembled the States, and a harmony has "All we who covenant together agree not to prevailed among them like that of music. I beg hoard up the produce of good years, not to shut to share the pleasure of these things with you." one another out from advantages [that we Wei Keang declined the gifts, saying, "The possess], not to protect traitors, not to shelter harmonizing of the Jung and Teih was the hapcriminals. We agree to aid one another in dispy destiny of the State. The assembling of asters and calamities, to have compassion on the States nine times within the space of eight one another in seasons of misfortune and disor-years, and the princes all virtuously adhering, der, to cherish the same likings and dislikings, is to be ascribed to your lordship's powerful into support and encourage the royal House.fluence, and the labours of your various servants. Should any prince break these engagements, may He who watches over men's sincerity and He who watches over covenants, [the Spirits of] the famous hills and [of] the famous streams, the kings and dukes our predecessors, the whole host of Spirits, and all who are sacrificed to, the ancestors of our 12 (? 13) States with their 7 surnames:-may all these intelligent Spirits destroy him, so that he shall lose his people, his appointment pass from him, his family perish, and his State be utterly overthrown!"" Par. 7. The Chuen says:-Tsze-nang of Ts'oo had asked the assistance of troops from Ts'in; and Chen, Ts'in's great officer of the right, led a force to follow the viscount of Ts'oo, intending to invade Ch'ing. [In the meantime], the earl of Ching met [the army of Ts'oo], [made his submission], and on Ping-tsze invaded Sung [along with it]."' Par. 8. This is the third and last of the great expeditions of Tsin against Ts'oo. Sëaouyu was a place in Ching, to the south of its capital, in the pres. Heu Chow (F). The Chuen says:-'In the 9th month, the States, with all their armies, again invaded Ching. They showed their forces outside the east gate of the city, on which the people of Ch'ing made the king's son, Pih-p'ing, offer their submission. On Keah-seuh, Chaou Woo of Tsin entered the city, and made a covenant with the earl; and in winter, in the 10th month, on Ting-hae, Tszechen came out, and made a covenant with the marquis of Tsin. In the 12th month, on Mowyin, there was a meeting in Seaou-yu. On Kang-shin, [the marquis of Tsin] released his Ching prisoners, treated them all courteously, and sent them back. He [also] called in his scouting parties, and forbade raids and pillaging. [At the same time], he sent Shuh-heih to inform the [other] princes of these proceedings. The duke made Tsang-sun Heih return the following reply, "All we who have covenanted to What did I contribute to those results? What your servant wishes is that your lordship may enjoy your present pleasure and think about the future. The ode (She, II. vii. ode VIII. 4) says, 'To be delighted in are those princes, The guardians of the country of the Son To be delighted in are those princes; attendants, Who also have followed them hither!' Now music helps the repose in virtue; righteousness is seen in the manner of occupying one's position; the rules of propriety are seen in one's practice; good faith maintains consistency; and benevolence makes one powerful in influencing others. When a prince has these qualities, then indeed he may be the guardian of the country, share in all blessings and emoluments, and attract people from a distance :— this is called music indeed. The Shoo says (probably V. xv. 19 is intended), 'In a position of security, think of peril.' If you think thus, you will make preparation against the danger, and with the preparation there will be no calamity. I venture to offer you these admonitions." The marquis said, "Dare I but receive your commands in these instructions? But for you, however, I should not have known how to treat the Jung; I should not have been able to cross the Ho. To reward is a statute of the State, preserved in the repository of covenants; it may not be disused. Do you receive those things." It was thus that Wei Këang first had bells and musical stones;—and it was right he should thus receive them.' Par. 9. The canon laid down for entries like this is that, when the duke has been absent on more than one affair, the last shall be stated in the record of his return. It is so here. The duke left Loo to take part in the invasion of Ching, which ended in the meeting at Seaou-yu; and it is said he arrived from the meeting.' In par. 6, however, it is said that he arrived from the invasion of Ching,' though the event immediately preceding his return was the meeting and covenant at Poh. The commentators find ‘praise and blame' in these variations of the style, but we may well believe that the historiographers made these entries, as the characters occurred to them, without regard to any different character of the transactions in which the duke had been engaged. Par.10. For 臂 Kuh-lëang has 胥. The Chuen says: The people of Ching had sent Leang Sëaou, and the grand-superintendent Sheh Choh, to Ts'oo, to give notice of their intended submission to Tsin in the words, [as from the earl], “Out of regard to my altars, I' am not able to cherish your lordship [as my superior]. If your lordship with gems and silks will come to a good understanding with Tsin, or if by a display of prowess you will overawe it. this would be what I desire." The people of Ts'oo seized and held the two officers. The text speaks of " the messenger," intimating that [Lëang Sëaou] was an ambassador.. Par. 11. The Chuen says:-Two dignitaries of Ts'in, Paou and Woo, led a force and invaded Tsin, in order to succour Ching. Paou first entered the territory of Tsin, and was met by Sze Fang, who slighted the forces of Ts'in, and did not make preparation against them. On Jin-woo, Woo crossed [the Ho] from Foo-she, and, joining Paou, went on with him into Tsin. On Ke-ch'ow the armies of the two States fought at Leih, when that of Tsin received a great defeat;-in consequence of making light of Ts'in.' Twelfth year. 侵冬秋聘夏 季 晉八孫台。莒有 公月,侯鄆宿 鄆。 宋楚 楚九 公子 吳 貞 夫 使 + 我 二年春王三 以冬周祖之秋夏季力 公許妹婦於桓 晉子為同異子士子 人秦如 昏,則 廟,廟,喪,吳 禮歸朝使先若諸 求之囊族姓壽魴救 也於且陰守 楚,拜 先 王 楚士 里結之 取秦凡於臨夢來台 鄭庶蔣襕於 日之齊也。 胙是同於拜鄆.莒 左傅日十二年春莒人伐我東鄙圍台 XII. 1 In the [duke's] twelfth year, in spring, in the king's third month, a body of men from Keu invaded our eastern borders, and laid siege to T'ae. 2 Ke-sun Suh led a force and relieved T'ae, after which he went on to enter Yun. 3 4 5 In summer, the marquis of Tsin sent Sze Fang to Loo on a mission of friendly inquiries. In autumn, in the ninth month, Shing, viscount of Woo, died. In winter, the Kung-tsze Ching of Ts'oo led a force, and made an incursion into Sung. 6 The duke went to Tsin. Parr. 1, 2. T'ae was a city belonging to Loo, same surname, the wailing took place in the an-in the pres. dis. of Pe, dep. E-chow. Kuh-cestral (ie., the Chow) temple; if he were deleang has. Yun is the same place mentioned in VI.xii.8, as then walled by duke Wăn. In his time it belonged to Loo, but had subsequently been taken by Keu. Though Ke-sun Suh now entered it, it does not appear to have remained in the possession of Loo. The Chuen says:-"This year, in spring, a body of men from Keu invaded our eastern borders, and laid siege to Tae. Ke Woo-tsze then relieved T'ae, and went on to enter Yun, from which he took its bell to form a deep dish for the duke.' is used as heretofore, to denote the going on from the accomplishment of one thing to another not originally contemplated. Kung and Kuh, however, remark that it was not competent for any one to do this but the ruler of the State himself, and hence the is here condemnatory of Ke-sun Suh;-but see on III. xix. 3. Par. 3. Tso says that the object of Fang in this mission was to convey the acknowledgments of the marquis of T'sin for the military services performed by Loo the previous year. Par. 4. This viscount of Woo is better known by the name of Show-mung, which we find in the 1st Chuen on the 10th year. How he should have the two names of Show-mung and Shing is not easily explained. Fuh Keen (of the Han dynasty supposed that the double name of this and the other lords of Woo is merely an attempt to spell, or give the sound of, the native term, so that in reality and one and the same name. are but The Chuen says:-'In autumn, Show-mung, viscount of Woo, died. The duke went to the Chow temple (that of king Wăn) to wail for him ;—which was according to rule. On occasion of the decease of any prince, if he were of a different surname from the duke, he was wailed for outside on the city wall. If he were of the scended from the same individual who bore that surname, in the temple of that [common] ancestor; if he were of some common branch family from that ancestor, in the paternal temple. Thus the princes of Loo mourned for the Kes generally in the Chow temple; but for the lords of Hing, Fan, Tsëang, Maou, Tsoo, and Chae, in the temple of the duke of Chow.' Here for the 1st time the Ch'un Ts'ëw records the death of a lord of Woo. But there is no record of the burial; not that an officer of Loo may not have been present at it, but because, as in the case of the lords of Ts'oo, the usurped title of king must have been introduced. Par. 5. The Chuen says:-'In winter, Tazenang of Ts'oo, and Woo-te, one of the dignitaries of Ts'in, invaded Sung, and took post with their forces at Yang-leang;-in retaliation for T'sin's taking Ching [from 'T's'oo].' [The Chuen here turns aside to a marriage negotiation on the part of the king:-'King Ling sought a queen from Ts'e. The marquis asked Gan Hwan-tsze how he should reply, and that officer answered, "In the language of ceremony, issued by the former kings, we find that when the king applies for a queen to the prince of any State, the prince replies, "Of daughters by my proper wife, I have so many; and of daughters by concubines I have so many.' If he have no daughter of his own, but has sisters and aunts, he says, 'Of so and so, who preceded me in this fief, there are so many daughters.' The marquis of Ts'e agreed to the proposed marriage, and the king sent Yin Le to settle the engagement.'] Par. 6. Tso says, 'The duke went to Tsin, to appear at its court, and to express his acknowledgments for the visit of Sze Fang.' Fang's visit was that in p. 3. [The Chuen here relates an incident, of which it is difficult to see the drift.—“ A daughter of the House of Ts'in had been married to [the viscount of] Ts'oo. 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