post [first] at Tsze-moo. On Kang-woo they laid siege to the capital, and attacked the Tung gate.' Par. 5, The Chuen says:-Sëun Ying of Tsin invaded Tsin, to retaliate its incursion.' The incursion of Ts'in is related in the Chuen after p. 3 of last year. Tsin was then unable to retaliate in consequence of a famine, but its vengeance had not slumbered long. At this time Tsin was in league with Ts'oo, and the alliance between the States was drawn closer through the wife of king Kung being a sister of duke King of Ts'in. [The Chuen gives here a narrative, which is the sequel of that on p. 4:-The marquis of Wei went to succour Sung, and encamped with his forces at Sëang-nëw. Tsze-chen of Ch'ing said, “We must invade Wei. If we do not do so, we shall not be doing our part for Ts'oo. We have offended against Tsin, and if we also offend against Ts'oo, what will be the consequence to our State?" Tsze-sze said, "It will distress the State;" but Tsze-chen replied, "If we offend against both the great States, we shall perish. We may be distressed, but is that not better than perishing?" The other great officers all agreed with him, and Hwang-urh accordingly led a force and made an incursion into Wei, [having received] orders from Ts'oo. Sun Wan-tsze (Lin-foo) consulted the tortoise-shell about pursuing the enemy, and presented the indication he had obtained to time, over Ching. The Chuen says:-'The States invaded Ching. Tsuy Choo of Ts'e came with Kwang, the eldest son of the marquis, to the army early, and the prince therefore took precedence of Tang. On Ke-yew, the whole army took post at New-show.' The proper place of the heir-son of Ts'e was after all the princes, as in p. 1. If he had received, indeed, the appointment of the king as his father's successor, and were administering for him the govt. of the State, he would have been entitled to rank as an earl, according to the rules of Chow. But he had not received such appointment, as we infer from the Chuen on the 19th year. The precedence now given to him was probably brought about as Tso-she says; but as we shall find that he continued to retain it, it is an instance of how the marquis of Tsin took it upon him to override the standing statutes of the kingdom. Par. 8. We have here the fulfilment of the prognostication in the Chuen after p. 5. For We have in this Kung and Kuh have. par. the first occurrence of in the text, which I have translated "ruffians." Too Yu observes that, as the paragraph commences with that term, the rank of the murdered could not be mentioned in it. They were all ministers or great officers, and if their death had been by order or management of the State, the text would have Ting Këang (the mother of the marquis of been 鄭殺or鄭人,殺其大夫 Wei), who asked what the corresponding oracle was. "It is this," said Wan-tsze. The in-ZZ. If the murderers had been great ofdication being like a hill, a party go forth on an expedition, and lose their leader."" The lady observed, "The invaders lose their leader;-this is favourable for those who resist them. Do you take measures accordingly." The people of Wei then pursued the enemy, and Sun Kwae captured Hwang Urh at Keuen-këw.' [There follows the account of an invasion of Loo by T'soo, which ought to be given in the text. Too observes that, as it involved no disgrace to Loo, he cannot account for the silence about it.—‘In autumn, in the 7th month, Tsze-nang of Ts‘oo and Tsze-urh of Ching invaded our western borders. On their return they laid siege to Seaou (a city of Sung), and reduced it in the 8th month, on Ping-yin. In the 9th month, Tsze-urh of Ch'ing made an incursion on the northern border of Sung. Mang Heen-tsze said, “Calamity must be going to befall Ching." The aggressions of its armies are excessive. Even Chow could not endure such violent efforts, and how much less Ching! The calamity is likely to befall the three ministers who conduct its government!"] Par. 6. The Chuen says:-"The people of Keu taking advantage of the States being occupied, invaded our eastern borders.' Wang Kih-kwan observes that this movement shows strikingly the daring of Keu, as its viscount had taken part in nearly all the covenants ordered by duke Taou of Tsin. It shows how incomplete the harmony was which the leading State sought to establish among the others which acknowledged its supremacy. Par. 7. This was the first of the three expeditions of Tsin mentioned in the Chuen at the end of last year, by which that State wore out Tsvo, and established its supremacy, for a ficers, their names and rank, and those of their victims as well, would have been given. But being what they were in this case, their names were not admissible in the text, and consequently we have the persons murdered without any intimation of their rank. No stigma is fixed upon them by the omission, as Kuh-lëang thought, and as Ching E, Hoo Ngan-kwoh, and many other critics have contended. The men may have deserved their fate, but no evidence of that can be drawn from the style of the text. The Chuen says:-'Before this, Tsze-sze (the Kung-tsze Fei) had a quarrel with Wei Che, and when he was about to take the field against the army of the States, he reduced the number of the chariots [which Che wanted to contribute to the expedition]. He had another quarrel with Che about the captives whom he had taken, and kept him down, saying his chariots had been beyond the number prescribed by rule, and would not allow him to present his spoils [before the marquis]. Before this also, Tsze-sze, in laying out the ditches through the fields, had occasioned the loss of fields to the Sze, Too, How and Tsze-sze families; and these four, along with Wei Che, collected a number of dissatisfied individuals, and proceeded, with the adherents of the sons of the ruling House (killed in the 8th year by Tsze-sze; see the Chuen after viii. 2) to raise an insurrection. At this time the govt. was in the hands of Tsze-sze; Tsze-kwoh (the Kungtsze Fah) was minister of War; Tsze-urh (the Kung-sun Cheh) was minister of Works; and Tsze-kung was minister of Instruction. winter in the 10th month, on Mow-shin, Wei Che, Sze Chin, How Tsin, Too Joo-foo, and Tsze-sze Puh, led a band of ruffians into the In of Tsin to restore the place to Ch'ing, when that State should really have broken with Ts'oo. Hoo Ngan-kwoh, again, has his followers in maintaining that Confucius here assigned it to Ch'ing to mark his disapproval of Tsin's ever taking it. The probability is that neither the one view nor the other is correct. The place properly belonged to Ching; it was held against it by the confederates for a time; it was im "Tsze-se, the son of Tsze-sze) hearing of the ruffians, left his house without taking any pre-mediately restored to it: what more natural cautions, went to [his father's] corpse, and pursued them. When they had entered the northern palace, however, he returned, and began giving out their arms [to his followers]. Most of the servants and concubines had fled, and most of the articles of furniture and use were lost. "Tsze-ch'an (the son of Tsze-kwoh), hearing of the ruffians, set a guard at his gate, got all his officers in readiness, shut up his storehouses, carefully secured his depositories, formed his men in ranks, and then went forth with 17 chariots of war. Having gone to [his father's] corpse, he proceeded to attack the ruffians, in the northern palace. Tsze-k ëaou (the Kungsun Chae) led the people to his assistance, when they killed Wei Che and Tsze-sze Puh. The majority of their followers perished, but How Tsin fled to Tsin, and Too Joo-foo, Sze Shin, Wei Peen, and Sze Ts'e fled to Sung. "Tsze-kung (the Kung-tsze Këa) then took charge of the State, and made a covenant requiring that all in the various degrees of rank should receive the rules enacted by himself. The great officers, ministers, and younger members of the great families refusing obedience to this, he wished to take them off; but Tsze-ch'an stopped him, and begged that for their sakes he would burn the covenant. He objected to do so, saying, "I wrote what I did for the settlement of the State. If I burn it because they all are dissatisfied, then the government is in their hands;-will it not be difficult to administer the affairs of the State?" Tsze-ch'an replied, "It is difficult to go against the anger of them all; and it is difficult to secure the exclusive authority to yourself. If you insist on both these difficulties in order to quiet the State, it is the very way to endanger it. It is better to burn the writing, and so quiet all their minds. You will get what you wish, and they also will feel at ease; will not this be well? By insisting on your exclusive authority, you will find it difficult to succeed; by going against the wishes of all, you will excite calamity:-you must follow my advice." On this Tsze-k'ung, burned the writing of the covenant outside the Tsang gate, after which the minds of all the others became composed.' Par. 9. Hoo-laou,- -see ii. 9. The text would lead us to think that the keeping guard over Hoo-laou was the action of Loo, and of Loo| alone; whereas Tsin had taken possession of that city, fortified it and now held it with the troops of its confederate States, as a strategical point against Ching and Ts'oo. Loo sent troops to guard it; and this alone the text mentions, but other States did the same. Originally it belonged to Ching, but was not Ching's now. Yet the text says-Hoo-laou of Ching.' Too Yu and others see in this the style of Confucius writing retrospectively, expressing himself according to his knowledge of the purpose than to mention it as 'Hoo-laou of Ching,' without any intention either to praise or to blame.' The Chuen says:-"The armies of the States fortified [afresh] Hoo-laou, and guarded the country about. The army of Tsin fortified Woo and Che; and Sze Fang and Wei Këang guarded them. The text speaks of Hoo-laou of Ching, though it was not [now] Ching's, indicating that it was to be restored to it. Ching [now] made peace with Tsin.' Par. 10. The Chuen says:-Tsze-nang of Ts'oo came to succour Ching. In the 11th month, the armies of the States made a circuit round Ching, and proceeded south to Yang-ling. Still the army of Ts'oo did not retire, [seeing which], Che Woo-tsze proposed that the confederates should withdraw, saying, "If we now make our escape from Ts'oo, it will become arrogant, and can be fought with when in that mood. Lwan Yin, said, "To evade Ts'oo will be a disgrace to Tsin. Our having assembled the States will increase the disgrace. We had better die. I will advance alone." On this the [whole] army advanced, and on Ke-hae it and the army of Ts'oo were opposed to each other with [only] the Ying between them. Tsze Keaou [of Ching] said, "The [armies of the] States are prepared to march, and are sure not to fight. If we follow Tsin, they will retire; if we do not follow it, they will retire. Ts'00 is sure to besiege our city when they retire; but they will still do so. We had better follow Tsoo, and get its army to retire also." That night he crossed through the Ying, and made a Covenant with Ts'oo. Lwan Yin wished to attack the army of Ching, but Seun Ying said, "No. We cannot keep back I's'oo, neither can we protect Ch'ing. Of what offence is Ch'ing guilty? Our best plan is to leave a grudge against it, and withdraw. If we now attack its army, Ts'oo will come to its help. If we fight, and do not conquer, the States will laugh at us. Victory cannot be commanded. We had better withdraw." Accordingly, on Ting-we the armies of the States withdrew, made an incursion into the northern borders of Ching, and returned. The forces of Ts'oo also withdrew. Par. 11. [The Chuen gives here a narrative about troubles at court:-'Wáng-shuh Chinsăng and Pih Yu had a quarrel about the govt. The king favoured Pih Yu, when the other fled from the capital in a rage. The king recalled him when he had got to the Ho, and put the historiographer Keaou to death to please him. He would not enter [the capital], however, and was allowed to remain [near the Ho]. The marquis of Tsin sent Sze Káe to pacify the royal House, when Wang-shuh and Pin Yu maintained each his cause. The steward of Wang-shuh, and Hea Kin, the great officer of Pih Yu; pleaded in the court of the king, while Sze Kae listened to them. Wang-shuh's steward said, "When people who live in hovels, with wicker doors fitted to holes in the wall, insult their superiors, it is hard to be a man of superior rank." Hea Kin said, "When king Ping removed here to the east, there were seven families of us, who followed him, and on whom he was dependent for the victims which he used. He made a covenant with them over [the flesh of] a red bull, saying that from generation to generation they should hold their offices. If we had been people of such hovels, how could they have come to the east? and how could the king have been dependent on them? Now since Wang-shuh became chief minister, the govt. has been carried on by means of bribes, and punishments have been in the hands of his favourites. His officers have become enormously rich, and it is not to be wondered at if we are reduced to such hovels. Let your great State consider the case. If the low cannot obtain right, where is what we call justice?” Fan Seuen-tsze said, "Whom the son of Heaven favours, my ruler also favours; whom he disapproves, my ruler also disapproves." He tlien made Wang-shuh and Pih Yu prepare a summary of their case; but Wangshuh could bring forward no evidence, and fled to Tsin. There is no record of this in the text, because no announcement of it was made to Loo. Duke Tsing of Shen then became high minister, to act as director for the royal House.'] Eleventh year. 冬瓜子,公司公司秋子、公酂、十 秦至滕會至七滕會不有 自子晉自月子晉從 會侯伐己薛侯乃 乃年 伯,宋鄭未伯宋不 同杞公郊。三 楚公 人伯衞盟伯衞 障月 子帥夏 于 莒侵 邾 三軍 夏四月四卜 左傳日十一年春季武子將作三軍告叔孫穆子日請為三軍各征其軍穆子日政將及子子必不能武子固 楚弗敢敵而後可固與也子展日與朱為惡諸侯必至吾從之盟楚師至吾又從之則晉怒甚矣晉能驟來楚 四月諸侯伐鄭己亥齊大子光宋向戌先至於鄭門於東門其莫晉荀罃至於西郊東侵售許衞孫林父侵其 懼乃行成秋七月同盟於毫范宣子日不慎必失諸侯諸侯道蔽而無成能無貳乎乃盟載書日凡我同 楚子囊乞旅於秦秦右大夫詹帥師從楚子將以伐鄭鄭伯逆之丙子伐宋 九月諸侯悉師以復伐鄭諸侯之師觀兵於鄭東門鄭人使王子伯駢行成甲戌晉趙武入盟鄭伯冬十月丁 亥鄭子展出盟晉侯十二月戊寅會於蕭魚庚辰赦鄭囚皆禮而歸之納斥候禁侵掠晉侯使叔肸告於諸侯 公使臧孫紇對日凡我同盟小國有罪大國致討苟有以藉手鮮不赦宥寡君聞命矣鄭人賂晉侯以師悝 觸師蠲廣車軌車淳十五乘甲兵備凡兵車百乘歌鐘二肆及其鎛磬女樂二八晉侯以樂之半賜魏絳日子 教寡人和諸戎狄以正諸華八年之中九合諸侯如樂之和無所不諧請與子樂之辭日夫和戎狄國之福也 也。鮑士秦使武 社鄭 鄭石在微備同禮攸終 之盟子有福以同,也 伐御長也 晉之鮑 寡備祿 不人無來 可無患 1.遠 廢以敢人 也待 詩也 右力合 子戎 謂之 君之諸 有侯 焉,諸 柳侯 魏 河子日之 之帛服 夫之居而 是國敢 於賞教,安後安 日晉晉, 平之不危以義君樂也 行不日 人,然,孤 有也,命則邦處 言則以 金臧抑有國之祿其子 八年之中九合諸侯諸侯無慝君之靈也二三子 邦樂旨君子福祿 XI. 1 In the [duke's] eleventh year, in spring, in the king's first 2 3 4 5 month, we formed three armies. In summer, in the fourth month, we divined a fourth time about the border sacrifice. The result was unfavourable, and the sacrifice was not offered. The Kung-sun Shay-che of Ch'ing led a force, and made an incursion into Sung. The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and Täng, the earls of Seeh and Ke, and the viscount of Little Choo, in invading Ch'ing. In autumn, in the seventh month, on Ke-we,[the above princes]inade a covenant together on the north of Poh-shing. 6 The duke arrived from the invasion of Ch'ing. 8 7 The viscount of Ts'oo and the earl of Ching invaded Sung. The duke joined the marquis of Tsin, the duke of Sung, the marquis of Wei, the earl of Ts'aou, Kwang, heir-son of Ts'e, the viscounts of Keu, Choo, and Tăng, the earls of Seeh and Ke, and the viscount of Little Choo, in invading Ching. There was a meeting in Sëaou-yu. 9 The duke arrived from the meeting. 10 The people of Tsoo seized and held Lëang Sëaou, the messenger of Ching. 11 In winter, a body of men from Ts'in invaded Tsin. |