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來荀侯聘

公侯冬來障

聘營使晉來孫使衞朝子

諸冬九侵秋陳晉是伐夏晉人者城稱宋 好侯衞月,宋楚晉師東鄭五

以歸降宋地,
宋,地,傳

結卽子 3取子自諸八月, 爲窴

信位叔子犬辛衞鄭侯其晉

不書

左傳日元年春己亥圍宋彭城非

城降晉晉人以宋五大夫在

八以爲討二月齊大子光

謀小
小晉來丘救

之郛韓

瓠人登也

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之討

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也。以凡

然 及師於師,

於晉城彭故非

I. 1 In his first year, in spring, in the king's first month, the

2

duke came to the [vacant] seat.

Chung-sun Mëch joined Lwan Yin of Tsin, Hwa Yuen of

Sung, Ning Chih of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, an officer

of Keu, an officer of Choo, an officer of Tăng, and an officer of Sëeh, in besieging Piăng-shing in Sung..

3 In suminer, Han Keueh of Tsin led an army, and invaded Ch'ing. Chung-sun Meeh joined Ts'uy Ch'oo of Ts'e,

an officer of Ts'aou, an officer of Choo, and an officer of K'e, and halted, [with their forces], in Tsăng.

4 In autumn, the Kung-tsze Jin-foo of Tstoo led a force, and made an incursion into Sung.

5

In the ninth month, on Sin-yëw, the king [by] Heaven's [grace] died.

6 The viscount of Choo came to Loo on a court-visit.

7

In winter, the marquis of Wei sent the Kung-sun P'ëaou to Loo on a visit of friendly inquiries. So did the marquis of Tsin send Sëun Ying.

TITLE OF THIS BOOK.-襄公, ‘Duke Sëang.’ Duke Sëang's name was Woo(午). He was the son of duke Ching, and as we learn from the Chuen after IX. 6, at the time of his accession was only 4 years old. His mother was not the daughter of Ts'e, of whose marriage with

Ching we have an account in his 14th year, but | of a Sze (姒), a lady of K'e, whose death ap

Sëang's 1st year synchronized with the 14th

of king Këen (簡王); the 1st of Taou (悼) of Tsin; the 10th of Ling (露) of Tse; the 5th of Hëen (獻) of Wei; the 20th of King of Ts'ae; the 13th of Ching (成) of Ching; the 6th of Ching(成) of Ts'aou; the 27th of Ching

pears in the 4th year. His posthumous title Sëang denotes' Successful in his conduct of | of Ch'in; the 65th of H wan of Ke; the 4th of Pring

affaire (因事有功日襄

(平) of Sung; the 5th of King (景) of Tsin ;

the 19th of Kung ( E) of Ts'oo; and the 14th it necessary to maintain its grasp of it with the

of Show-mung of Woo (). Par. 1. See on VIII. i. 1; et al.

Par. 2. The Chuen says:-This year, in spring, on Ke-hae, there was the siege of Pangshing. It did not now belong to Sung;-the text calls it Sung's retrospectively. At this time [the States] were punishing Yu Shih for Sung, and therefore the city is called Sung's, and moreover the text would not sanction the exaltation of a rebel. The language has respect to the wishes of Sung [in the matter].

'Pang-shing surrendered to Tsin, and the people of Tsin took the five great officers of Sung who were in it back with them, and placed them in Hoo-k'ëw. The troops of Ts'e were not present at [the siege of] Păng-shing, which Tsin thought was a ground for punishing [that State], and in the 2d month the eldest son of [the marquis of] Ts'e became a hostage in Tsin.' According to Tso-she's own remarks in the above Chuen, the before

in this par. is Confucius' own,-an instance not of his pruning, but of his correcting pencil. But the reasons for his view are very shadowy. Ts'oo had not taken Păng-shing from Sung, and appropriated it to itself. King Kung had indeed placed Yu Shih in it, as a thorn in the side of Sung, and had supplied him with a force to enable him to maintain his position, but he had

not made him its ruler with the title of baron, or viscount, or any higher dignity. Nothing had occurred which should make the historiographiers not speak of the city as Sung's.

Par. 3. Tsǎng was a city of Ch'ing,-in the pres. Suy Chow, dep. Kwei-tih. It must not be confounded with the State of Tsăng, V. xiv. 2; et al. For i Kung-yang has, and for 甑合

The Chuen says:-'In summer, in the 5th month, Han Keueh and Seun Yen of Tsin invaded Ch'ing, with the forces of [several of] the States, and entered its outer suburbs. They defeated its infantry near the Wei. At this time the armies of the [other] States were halting at Tsăng, waiting for the army of Tsin. When that came from Ch'ing, it made a junction with them, and made an incursion into Tsëaou-e of Ts'oo, and into Ch'in. The marquis of Tsin and the marquis of Wei remained in Ts'eih, to render any aid that might be needed.'

Chaou Pang-fei says on this paragraph:"Tsin, as chief among the States, invaded Ch'ing many times. The reason why it thought

forces of the other States was not the strength of Ching, but the fear of Ts'oo. Had there been no Ts'oo to come to the help of Ching, Tsin might have penetrated to its outer suburbs with a small force. The manner in which it now took its measures in reference to Ch'ing may be pronounced prudent and skilful. With Han Keueh alone attacking the capital of Ch'ing in front, and the soldiers of the five States ready to succour him in the rear, if the forces of Ts'oo did not come forth, the single Han Keueh was abundantly able to take the city; if they did come forth, the armies of the five States were sufficient to fight them without fear. These arrangements showed the care with which Tsin made use of the other States, and did not lightly expose their people in battle. Therefore the sage by the terms "invaded" and "halted" indicated his admiration of its measures in dealing with the offending Ching. Expositors, regarding only the statement in the next paragraph, that an army of Ts'oo made an incursion into Sung, say that the States halted at Tsǎng to save Sung. But it

was not till the autumn that Ts'oo made that incursion ;-how should the States have halted here beforehand with a view to save Sung? Such a view shows no consideration of the order of the paragraphs. Moreover, Tsang was in the territory of Ch'ing;-would they have halted in Ching to save Sung?'

Par. 4. The Chuen says:-'In autumn, Tsze

sin of Ts'oo went to succour Ching, and made

an incursion on Leu and Lew of Sung. Tsze-jen of Ching made an incursion into Sung, and took K'euen-k'ëw.'

Por. 5. This was king Keen (). He was succeeded by his son, king Ling

Par. 6. Tso-she says this visit was 'proper,' -to congratulate, I suppose, the child-marquis on his accession.

Par. 7. The Chuen says:-'In winter Tszeshuh of Wei, and Che Woo-tsze of Tsin, came to Loo, with friendly inquiries; which was proper. On the accession of any prince, smaller States appeared [by their princes] at his court, and larger ones sent friendly missions;—for the continuance of their friendship, and cementing their good faith, to take counsel on affairs, and to repair deficiencies. These were the greatest of ceremonies.'

These courtesies to Loo, it must be supposed, were sent before the States had heard the news of the king's death, because after such an event there was an intermission for a time of those observances.

TSEW, WITH THE TSO CHUEN

year

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夏五月庚寅夫人

左傳日二年春鄭師侵宋楚令也

今齊侯伐萊萊人使正輿子賂夙沙衛以索馬牛皆百匹齊師乃還君子是以知齊靈

子楚成冬穆齊

申。公

復叔

夏公金左

會於之,鄭為逆夏公
于是是成不婦

來戚子
戚子乘公哲養姜為

于諸吾謀罕力疾,姑薨靈
子滕鄭當與子且者初也
者初,也萊
宗之薛故國、言,駒 姜也 也穆
婦功小也。子其請氏姜

年,

武君來也邾,孟馹誰息君姑使

也。送若之獻為暱肩之以擇
葬不不子政,我於妣成美
召得至日子免晉也婦檟,

國寫詩逆以

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,日,夫辰,

善,欲
欲鄭其洽

√會吾子聞崔子之言

從伯目百話葬。

晉㫻

禮.言,君

子卒。
卒異降順子

駟 人福

寡君子日 任孔之非

君而聞官

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賴請 命

季也

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晏弱城東陽以偪之
子之請諸侯之福也豈惟寡君賴之

冬復會于戚齊崔武子及滕薛小邾之大夫皆會知武子之言故也遂城虎牢鄭人乃

楚公子申爲右司馬多受小國之賂以偪子重

楚人殺之故書日楚殺其大夫公

II. 1 In the [duke's] second year, in spring, in the king's first

month, there was the burial of king Këen.

2 An army of Ching invaded Sung.

3

In suminer, in the fifth month, on Kăng-yin, [duke Ching's] wife, the lady Këang, died.

4 In the sixth month, on Kăng-shin, Kwăn, earl of Ching,

5

died.

An army of Tsin, an army of Sung, and Ning Chih of Wei, made an incursion into Ching.

6 In autumn, in the seventh month, Chung-sun Meeh had
a meeting with Seun Ying of Tsin, Hwa Yuen of Sung,
Sun Lin-foo of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, and an officer
of Choo, in Ts'eih.

7 On Ke-ch'ow, we buried our duchess, Ts'e Këang.
Shuh-sun P'aou went to Sung.

8

9

In winter, Chung-sun Meeh had a meeting with Seun Ying of Tsin, Ts'uy Ch'oo of Ts'e, Hwa Yuen of Sung, Sun Lin-foo of Wei, an officer of Ts'aou, an officer of Choo, an officer of Tang, an officer of Seeh, and an officer of Little Choo, in Ts'eih, when they proceeded to wall Hoo-laou.

10 Ts'oo put to death its great officer, the Kung-tsze Shin.

Par. 1. This burial, 5 months after death, | his shoulder upon Tsin, but he said, "For the was sooner than 'the rule' prescribed.

sake of Ching, the ruler of Ts'oo received an arrow in his eye. It was for me he underwent this, and for no other man. If I revolt from him, I cast away his efforts in our behalf and my own promise ;-who in such a case would care for my friendship? It is for you, my officers, to save me from such a course." In autumn, in the 7th month, on Kăng-shin, Kwăn, earl of Ching, died.'

Par. 2. Acc. to Tso, this 'invasion' was merely an incursion,' at the command of Ts‘oo. [The Chuen appends here:-The marquis of Tse invaded Lae, the people of which sent Ching Yu-tsze to bribe Suh Sha-wei [Chief eunuch in Ts'e] with a hundred choice horses and as many oxen. On this the army of Tsie returned. From this the superior man might know that duke Ling of Ts'e was indeed ling (A play on the meaning of the term as a post-shin, the day of the earl's death, is said to have humous epithet)].'

Par. 3. This was duke Ch'ing's wife proper, called the 'wife-mother of duke Seang. The Chuen says:- Before this, Muh Këang [Duke Ch'ing's mother] had caused some fine këa trees to be chosen, to make for herself a coffin and a sung lute. Ke Wăn-tsze now took the coffin to bury Ts'e Keang in. The superior man will pronounce this proceeding contrary to propriety. Propriety admits of nothing unreasonable. A wife should nourish her mother-in-law;-nothing could be more unreasonable than to take from the mother-in-law to supply the wife. The ode (She, III. iii. ode II. 9.) says,

"There is indeed a wise man ;-
I tell him good words,

And he yields to them the practice of
docile virtue."

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In this last sentence of the Chuen, Kang

been in the 7th month, and not in the 6th as in the text. And the Chuen must be correct, for Kang-yin of par. 3 being in the 5th month, there cannot have been a Kăng-shin day in the 6th. Acc. to Too's scheme of the calendar, Kăng-shin was the 9th day of the 7th month.

There is no mention subsequently of the burial of the earl of Ch'ing; 'because,' acc. to K'aou K‘ang, ‘he had joined the party of Ts'00, and the other States therefore did not observe the usual measures at his funeral.'

Par. 5. The Chuen says:-'At this time, Tsze-han [of Ch'ing] had charge of the State, Tsze-sze was chief minister, and Tsze-kwoh was minister of War. All the other great officers wished to give in the adhesion of the State to Tsin, but Tsze-sze said, "The charge to us officers is not yet changed."'

Tsin was now taking advantage of the death of the earl of Ch'ing to attack the State. The other officers wanted to submit to it, but Tszesze held that the charge of the deceased earl, that they should adhere to Ts'oo, was binding on them, till his successor should give them different instructions, and it was too early for him to have done so. To attack a State when

suffering from the death of its ruler was contrary to the rule and practice of those times. The commentators have much to say on this point.

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