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letter." This employment roused sharp criticism both from Franklin's fellow-commissioners and from members of Congress, based partly on the questionableness of giving the position to a relative, partly on the lad's youthfulness, and partly on the fact that he was the son of an open and avowed Tory. A motion was even offered in Congress that he should be dismissed, which so exasperated Franklin that he declared warmly:

I am surprised to hear that my grandson, Temple Franklin, being with me, should be an objection against me, and that there is a cabal for removing him. Methinks it is rather some merit that I have rescued a valuable young man from the danger of being a Tory, and fixed him in honest republican Whig principles; as I think, from the integrity of his disposition, his industry, his early sagacity, and uncommon abilities for business,

for him. He expects something to be done as a reward for his services." Again, he used all his influence to have the grandson made secretary of the Federal Convention in 1787, and was keenly disappointed when that body selected some one else. No sooner was the national government organized than he applied to Washington for some office for the young man, and seriously resented a refusal to gratify his wish. In the meantime he had already in effect purchased and given to Temple his father's farm in New Jersey, valued at four thousand pounds sterling, and in his will he left him other property, including his library, and made him his literary

executor.

In Franklin's paper, the "Pennsylvania Gazette," under date of December 13, 1736, appeared the following advertisement:

he may in time become of UNDERSTANDING 'tis a current

Report, that my Son Francis, who died lately of the Small Pox, had it by Inoculation; and being defired to satisfy the Publick in that Particular; inafmuch as fome People are, by that Report (join'd with others of the like kind, and perhaps equally groundiefs) deter'd from having that Operation perform'd on their Children, I do hereby fincerely declare, that he was not inoculated, but receiv'd the Diftemper in the common Way of Infection: And I fuppofe the Report could only arife from its being my known Opinion, that Inoculation was a sate and beneficial Practice; and from my having faid among my Acquaintance, that I intended to have my Child inoculated, as foon as he fhould have recovered fufficient Strength from a Fiux with which he had been long afflicted. B. FRANKLIN

great service to his coun-
try. It is enough that I
have lost my son; would
they add my grandson?
An old man of seventy,
I undertook a winter voy-
age at the command of the
Congress, and for the pub-
lic service, with no other
attendant to take care of
me. I am continued here
in a foreign country,
where, if I am sick, his
filial attention comforts
me, and if I die, I have a
child to close my eyes and
take care of my remains.
His dutiful behavior to-
wards me, and his diligence and fidelity in busi-
ness, are both pleasing and useful to me. His con-
duct, as my private secretary, has been unexcep-
tionable, and I am confident the Congress will
never think of separating us.

A mere retention in this minor office did not content Franklin, and he lost no opportunity in endeavoring to secure his grandson political preferment. In 1783 he made personal appeals to each one of the Peace Commissioners to have Temple made secretary of the commission. He wrote to the Continental Congress, asking, "as a favour to me," that the "young gentleman" should be made a secretary of legation, or a chargé. To reinforce this application, he wrote to members known to him, making the same request, and Jefferson tells us that "the Doctor" was "extremely wounded by the inattention of Congress to his application

The son thus referred to, Francis Folger, who died when only four years of age, seems to have been his father's favorite. Long after, in referring to a grandson, who was declared to be "an uncommonly fine boy," Franklin said that the child "brings often afresh to my mind the idea of my son Franky, though now dead thirty-six years, whom I have seldom since seen equalled in everything, and whom to this day I cannot think of without a sigh."

The last of Franklin's three children was his daughter Sally, born in 1744, in whom her father took unconcealed pride, assuring his mother that "your granddaughter is the greatest lover of her book and school of any child I ever knew, and is very dutiful to her mistress as well as to us." Half jokingly, Franklin proposed a match, when she was a child of six, between her and the son of his friend William Strahan, and, the offer being

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FAMILY ACCOUNT IN FRANKLIN'S WRITING. IN THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

industry, economy, and, in short, of every
female virtue, which her parents will en-
deavour to cultivate for him." Six years
later he said: "Our daughter Sally is in
deed a very good girl, affectionate, dutiful
and industrious, has one of the best hearts,
and though not a wit, is, for one of her
years, by no means deficient in understand-
ing." The imposed task of cultivating simple
habits of frugality was not an altogether
easy one, the girl's mother complaining that
"Sally had nothing fit to wear suitable" for
the Philadelphia society into which she be-
gan to be drawn, while Sally herself wrote
"to ask my Papa for some things that I can-
not get here... 't is some gloves, both
white and mourning, the last to be of the
largest "; and he seems to have yielded to the
double pressure for finery, for the daughter

a

But how could my dear Papa give me so severe reprimand for wishing a little finery. He would not, I am sure, if he knew how much I have felt it.... You would have been the last person, I am sure, to have wished to see me dressed with singularity; though I never loved dress so much as to wish to be particularly fine, yet I never will go out when I cannot appear so as to do credit to my family and husband.

Even in death Franklin consistently sought to teach her simplicity and economy, for in bequeathing to Sally "the king of France's picture, set with four hundred and eight diamonds," which had been presented to him upon his leaving the French court, he requested "that she would not form any of those diamonds into ornaments, either for herself or daughters, and thereby introduce or countenance the expensive, vain and use

less fashion of wearing jewels in this country." Throughout his whole life the father endeavored to train his daughter, in his own words, so that "she will, in the true sense of the word, be worth a great deal of money, and, consequently, a great fortune," to her husband.

The match with the Strahan boy never got further than the wishes of the parents, and presently Franklin was notified that his daughter had chosen Richard Bache, a Philadelphia merchant, of whom Franklin knew "very little," but of whom he hoped that: "His expectations are not great of any fortune to be had with our daughter before our death"; and then explained:

I can only say that if he proves a good husband to her and a good son to me, he shall find me as good a father as I can be; but at present I suppose you would agree with me that we cannot do more than fit her out handsomely in clothes and furniture, not exceeding in the whole five hundred pounds of value. For the rest, they must depend, as you and I did, on their own industry and care, as what remains in our hands will be barely sufficient for our support, and not enough for

them, when it comes to be divided at our decease. Having made this explanation, Franklin left the decision entirely to his wife, who gave her consent to the marriage. The course of true love, however, did not run altogether smoothly, for Bache shortly became bankrupt in his business, upon which the father advised a postponement of the wedding. He was, however, by some influence, speedily won over; but the marriage was not favorably viewed by some, for William Franklin wrote that "Mrs. Franklin became angry with our friends for not approving the match," and there even seems to have been some ill feeling within the family over it.

Once his daughter was wedded, the father was not wholly consistent in compelling the young people to depend entirely on themselves. He gave Bache two hundred pounds toward setting him up in business, very quickly found a berth for him in the postoffice, which ever proved in Franklin's hands to have an elastic capacity as regarded his relatives, -presently made him Deputy Postmaster-General, and for many years let the couple live in his house in Philadelphia, "at no expense for rent." Furthermore, when Congress removed Bache from his office of Postmaster-General, and he was compelled once more to start in business, Franklin, with questionable delicacy, considering his official position in France, exerted influence to secure him business from

66

Mrs.

various French commercial houses. Bache, according to Marbois, took a prominent part in the Revolution "in exertions to rouse the zeal of the Pennsylvania ladies; and she made on this occasion such a happy use of the eloquence which you know she possesses that a large part of the American army was provided with shirts bought with their money or made with their own hands"; and the Frenchman continued: "If there are in Europe any women who need a model of attachment to domestic duties and love for their country, Mrs. Bache may be pointed out to them as such." The Marquis de Chastellux echoed this praise by a description which spoke of her as "simple in her manners"; his benevolence." She is said, furthermore, like her respectable father, she possesses to have much resembled Franklin, and was referred to by Manasseh Cutler, in 1787, as "a very gross and rather homely lady.” On Franklin's final return to America, “My sonin-law came in a boat for us; we landed at Market Street wharf, where we were received by a crowd of people with huzzas, and accompanied with acclamations quite to my door." During the few remaining years of his life the Baches and he made one family, and the father told a friend that “I, too, have got into my niche after being kept out of it twenty-four years by foreign employments," and "am again surrounded by my friends, with a large family of grandchildren about my knees, an affectionate, good daughter and son-in-law to take care of me."

Of the Bache children, the eldest, and his namesake, was the most endeared to Franklin, and even before he had ever seen the boy, his frequent inquiries showed his interest in him; indeed, his American correspondents quickly learned that they could write nothing which would please him more than news of the "Little King Bird," or "your young Hercules," as he was called. "I came to town with Betsey," wrote William Franklin to his father, "in order to stand for my young nephew. He is not so fat and lusty as some children at his time are, but he is altogether a pretty little fellow and improves in his looks every day. Mr. Baynton stood as proxy for you and named Benj'n Franklin and my mother and Betsey were the godmothers." His wife's letters, toc, constantly brought the sponsor news of the godchild. The grandmother viewing him as “an extraordinary little fellow," Franklin welcomed her news, telling her "I am much pleased with your little histories of our grandson and

happy in thinking how much amusement he must afford you," and confessing that they made "me long to be at home to play with Ben." He rarely failed to send his love to the child, and often "some little things for Benny Boy," and once he complained that "you have so used me to have something pretty about the boy that I am a little disappointed in finding nothing more of him than that he is gone up to Burlington. Pray give me in your next as usual a little of his history." At a dinner in London he reports that "the chief toast of the day was Master Benjamin Bache, which the venerable old lady began in a tumbler of mountain. The Bishop's lady politely added, 'And that he may be as good a man as his grandfather.' I said I hoped he would be much better. The Bishop, still more complaisant than his lady, said, 'We will compound the matter and be contented if he should not prove quite so good.""

When Franklin went to France in 1776, he took this grandson with him, to “give him a little French language and address." With still other ends in view, so soon as he was settled in Paris, he "sent him to finish his education at Geneva," as "I intend him for a Presbyterian as well as a republican." Here the boy remained four years, and then returned to live with his grandfather, who wrote the mother: "I have had a great deal of pleasure in Ben. He is a good honest lad, and will make, I think, a valuable man." "He gains daily upon my affection," and " we love him very much." Young Bache came to America with his grandfather, and by his aid was established as a printer, Franklin supplying all the equipment for the office, which he left him in his will, together with other property. In his behalf, also, he asked Washington for some public office, an application which shared the same fate as that he had made for his other grandson, by being refused. It was the common feeling of the time that Franklin had used civil office to serve his family more than to serve the public, and so there was sufficient prejudice to make exclusion of his relatives almost a policy with the new government. This discrimination, in time, led to ill feeling, and eventually Benjamin Franklin Bache became the standard-bearer of the journalists who abused Washington.

If Benjamin, from this long intimacy, was his favorite of the Bache children, Franklin was unquestionably fond of them all, though the rest were too young to have been more than playthings to him. In writing of his home toward the end of his life, he described his pleasure in "a dutiful and affectionate daughter, who, together with her husband and six children, compose my family. The children are all promising, and even the youngest, who is but four years old, contributes to my amusement "; and only two years before his death he noted "the addition of a little good-natured girl, whom I begin to love as well as the rest."

Nor was the affection of the grandfather unreciprocated, one of Franklin's callers recording that Mrs. Bache "had three of her children about her, over whom she seemed to have no kind of command, but who appeared to be excessively fond of their Grandpapa." Franklin himself tells a story of a child that is worth repeating as showing the grandsire's feeling. His wife had written of Mrs. Bache's over-severe punishment of one of the children, and the husband had replied:

It was very prudently done of you not to interfere when his mother thought fit to correct him; which pleased me the more, as I feared, from your fondness of him, that he would be too much of two little boys in the street; one was crying humored, and perhaps spoiled. There is a story bitterly; the other came to him to ask what was the matter. "I have been," says he, "for a pennyworth of vinegar, and I have broken the glass, and spilled the vinegar, and my mother will whip me." "No, she won't whip you," says the other. "Indeed she will," says he. "What," says the other, "have you then got ne'er a grandmother?"

At seventeen years of age the runaway apprentice had left his family; from that time he saw but little of them. As agent for Pennsylvania, and as minister to France, Franklin was, save for two short home-comings, continuously in Europe from 1757 to 1785, and necessarily separated from his wife, and, except as already narrated, from his children and grandchildren. Yet of all his kith and kin he was undoubtedly truly fond, not merely as relatives, but as companions, and not to one does he seem to have been lacking in interest and kindness.

(To be continued.)

COLE'S OLD ENGLISH MASTERS.

SIR HENRY RAEBURN (1756-1823).

BY JOHN C. VAN DYKE.

HE best painter, in a technical sense, among all our so-called English masters was not an Englishman, but a ScotchmanSir Henry Raeburn. Handling -the power to use the brush with certainty and easewas his in large degree. He could hardly be called an imaginative artist, nor was he a draftsman or a colorist beyond the ordinary; but, in the Manet sense, he was quite a perfect painter. There are artists in history who seem to have been born to the brush rather than to the crayon-artists who take to paint as instinctively as swans to water. The names of Frans Hals and Velasquez come to mind at once as the chiefs of the class; and yet, in a smaller way, Tiepolo, Teniers, Goya, and Raeburn were just as truly to the manner born. Wilkie, when studying Velasquez in Spain, was continually reminded of the "square touch" of Raeburn. The resemblance in method-in a way of seeing and doing things-could not fail of notice. The men were of the same brotherhood, if not of the same rank, and in eye and hand they were both preeminently painters. Raeburn's birth and education throw no light whatever on his peculiar technical ability. He sprang from peasant stock, and though the Scotch have always had fine native feeling in art matters, it was not to be supposed that one coming from the soil could overcome the final and most difficult phase of the painter's technic at the start. And yet that is what Raeburn apparently did. There is no record that he ever learned facility of handling from any one. He was virtually self-taught. Born near Edinburgh in 1756, he was left an orphan, at six years of age, in charge of an elder brother. It has been stated, and denied, that he received an elementary education at Heriot's school; but it seems well established that at fifteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith named Gilliland. In the goldsmith's employ he developed a talent for miniature-painting, and his master, suspecting an incipient genius, took him to the studio of David Martin, who was the local "face-painter" for Edinburgh at that

time. Martin seems to have encouraged the youth and given him some of his own portraits to copy; but they soon quarreled, -as is the not infrequent habit of master and pupil, - and what instruction the young man had received is unknown. Martin could scarcely have taught more than he himself knew, and that was little. Nor does it appear that any after instruction came to Raeburn. There was no other painter in Edinburgh at that time to teach him, and he did not leave the town until both his style and his reputation were in a measure established. Then he married a young widow with something of a fortune, and about 1785 went up to London, and met Sir Joshua.

It is said that in London Raeburn worked in Sir Joshua's " painting-room" for a couple of months. The statement is questioned, though the painter certainly was not slow in adopting such methods of composition from the older man as he thought serviceable. Reynolds was very gracious to the young Scotchman, advised him to go to Rome, and, of course, recommended a study of Michelangelo, with whose work Raeburn could have had little or no sympathy. It is said that Sir Joshua, not knowing the young painter's easy circumstances through marriage (an ignorance which would argue against the "painting-room" story), generously offered him money and letters of introduction to painters in Rome. Raeburn accepted the latter, went to Rome, and remained there two years. He seems to have brought back with him some good advice, got from an art-dealer by the name of Byers, which he spoke of frequently as being of great service to him. The advice was cheap, and at this day is quite hackneyed. It was, in substance, to work from the model, and not from memory. This was Raeburn's natural inclination, and of course he fell in with it. There is no trace in his painting that he brought back anything else from Rome. Evidently the old masters never persuaded him, never made a dent of any kind in his Scotch nature. What were all the fine linear compositions of the Vatican to one

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