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Thomson (T.), Chemistry of Animal Bodies. Edinb. 1843.

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HISTORY

OF

CIVILIZATION IN ENGLAND.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

STATEMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR INVESTIGATING HISTORY, AND PROOFS OF THE REGULARITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS. THESE ACTIONS ARE GOVERNED BY MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LAWS: THEREFORE BOTH SETS OF LAWS MUST BE STUDIED, AND THERE CAN BE NO HISTORY WITHOUT THE NATURAL SCIENCES.

Or all the great branches of human knowledge, history is that upon which most has been written, and which has always been most popular. And it seems to be the general opinion that the success of historians has, on the whole, been equal to their industry; and that if on this subject much has been studied, much also is understood.

This confidence in the value of history is very widely dif fused, as we see in the extent to which it is read, and in the share it occupies in all plans of education. Nor can it be denied that, in a certain point of view, such confidence is perfectly justifiable. It cannot be denied that materials have been collected which, when looked at in the aggregate, have a rich and imposing appearance. The political and military annals of all the great countries in Europe, and of most of those out of Europe, have been carefully compiled, put together in a convenient form, and the evidence on which they rest has been tolerably well sifted. Great attention has been paid to the history of legislation, also to that of religion: while considerable, though inferior, labour has been employed in tracing the progress of science, of literature, of the fine arts, of useful inventions, and, latterly, of the manners and comforts of the people. In order to ncrease our knowledge of the past, antiquities of every kind VOL. 1.-1

have been examined; the sites of ancient cities have been laid bare, coins dug up and deciphered, inscriptions copied, alphabets restored, hieroglyphics interpreted, and, in some instances, long forgotten languages reconstructed and re-arranged. Several of the laws which regulate the changes of human speech have beer discovered, and, in the hands of philologists, have been made to elucidate even the most obscure periods in the early migration o nations. Political economy has been raised to a science, and by it much light has been thrown on the causes of that unequal dis tribution of wealth which is the most fertile source of social dis turbance. Statistics have been so sedulously cultivated, tha we have the most extensive information, not only respecting the material interests of men, but also respecting their mora peculiarities; such as, the amount of different crimes, the pro portion they bear to each other, and the influence exercised ove them by age, sex, education, and the like. With this grea movement physical geography has kept pace; the phenomena o climate have been registered, mountains measured, rivers sur veyed and tracked to their source, natural productions of a kinds carefully studied, and their hidden properties unfolded while every food which sustains life has been chemically ana lyzed, its constituents numbered and weighed, and the nature o the connexion between them and the human frame has, in man cases, been satisfactorily ascertained. At the same time, an that nothing should be left undone which might enlarge ou knowledge of the events by which man is affected, there hav been instituted circumstantial researches in many other depart ments; so that in regard to the most civilized people, we ar now acquainted with the rate of their mortality, of their ma riages, the proportion of their births, the character of their em ployments, and the fluctuations both in their wages and in th prices of the commodities necessary to their existence. Thes and similar facts have been collected, methodized, and are ri for use. Such results, which form, as it were, the anatomy of nation, are remarkable for their minuteness; and to them ther have been joined other results less minute, but more extensiv Not only have the actions and characteristics of the great nation been recorded, but a prodigious number of different tribes in a parts of the known world have been visited and described b travellers, thus enabling us to compare the condition of mankin in every stage of civilization, and under every variety of circum stance. When we moreover add, that this curiosity respectin our fellow-creatures is apparently insatiable; that it is constant ly increasing; that the means of gratifying it are also increas ing, and that most of the observations which have been mad

HISTORY

OF

CIVILIZATION IN ENGLAND.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

STATEMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR INVESTIGATING HISTORY, AND PROOFS OF THE REGULARITY OF HUMAN ACTIONS. THESE ACTIONS ARE GOVERNED BY MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LAWS: THEREFORE BOTH SETS OF LAWS MUST BE STUDIED, AND THERE CAN BE NO HISTORY WITHOUT THE NATURAL SCIENCES.

Of all the great branches of human knowledge, history is that upon which most has been written, and which has always been most popular. And it seems to be the general opinion that the success of historians has, on the whole, been equal to their industry; and that if on this subject much has been studied, much also is understood.

This confidence in the value of history is very widely diffused, as we see in the extent to which it is read, and in the share it occupies in all plans of education. Nor can it be denied that, in a certain point of view, such confidence is perfectly justifiable. It cannot be denied that materials have been collected which, when looked at in the aggregate, have a rich and imposing appearance. The political and military annals of all the great countries in Europe, and of most of those out of Europe, have been carefully compiled, put together in a convenient form, and the evidence on which they rest has been tolerably well sifted. Great attention has been paid to the history of legislation, also to that of religion: while considerable, though inferior, labour has been employed in tracing the progress of science, of literature, of the fine arts, of useful inventions, and, latterly, of the manners and comforts of the people. In order to ncrease our knowledge of the past, antiquities of every kind

VOL. I.-1

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