. an account of the bill for fecurity of the church of England, as I find it in Tindal's Continuation. A "Their lordships, upon the Abp of Canterbury's motion, ordered a bill to bill to be brought in for the fecurity of the church of England.Their lordships went through the bill, by which all acts paffed in favour of the church were declared to be in full force for ever; and this was made a fundamental and effential part of the union. Some exceptions were taken to the words of the bill, as not fo ftrong B as the act paffed in Scotland feemed to be, fince the government of the church was not declared to be unalterable; but they were judged more proper, since where a fupreme legislature is once acknowledged, nothing can be unalterable." Upon which paffage give me leave to obferve, 1. That this bill was brought in by a bishop for no other purpose, apparently, than to ballance the act of fecurity, paffed in the latt parliament of Scotland; is it therefore fair in this defender of our right reverend prelates to cite this bill for a purpofe in which neither the union nor Scotland have the least concern. 3. The word unalterably is only in the preamble, and not in the enacting part of the bill. 3. If the defender fhould infift that the words for ever are equivalent to the term unalterably, he muft affirm one of these two things; either, 1. that he doth not acknowledge any fupreme legislature in Great Britain, and must confequently be the fubject of fome foreign fupremacy (moft likely that of the Pope) or, 2. that things may be enacted which are unalterable by the fupreme legislature, which he is requested to prove. But as it is manifeft from the very nature of things that the fupreme legiflature in every ftate must be open to alterations when needful, notwithftanding any temporary expedients of fecurity, this defence of the bishops is lame, upon the fuppofition that their lordships have in the prefent cafe the most eafy and natural access to the fupreme legiflature, and that alterations are as reasonable and necessary as Dr Benfon, and the clergy of the church of England who agree with him fay they are; which fends us back to the real merits of the cause. With refpect to the coronation oath enacted by this bill, I beg leave to ob ve that King Charles 1. having al D E H ledged, That he was bound, befides his judgment, by a most strict and in difpenfable oath to preferve the epifcopal order, and the rights of the Church; (Icon. Bafilice, chap. ix.) it was anfwered thus: "If his majefty means the oath of his coronation, and that the letter of that oath admit not to be interpreted either by equity, reformation, or better knowledge, then was the king bound by that oath to grant the clergy all thofe cuftoms, franchises, and canonical privileges granted to them by Edward the Confeffor, and fo might one day, under pretence of that oath and confcience, have brought us all a gain to Popery. But had he remembered the words to which he fwore, he might have found himself no otherwife obliged there than according to the laws of God, and the true profeffion of the Gospel. For if the following words, eftablished in this kingdom be fet there to limit and lay prefcription on the laws of God, and truth of the Gospel by man's establishment, nothing can be more abfurd or more injurious to Religion."-Iconoclafles, p. 58, edit. 1756. How far this reafoning affects the prefent coronation-oath, I profess not to know. Perhaps, in fome degree, it may be applicable to it: But whether it is or not, I take it to be found law as well as found divinity, that the fame fupreme legislature which enacts an oath upon any particular emergency, may not only legally, but reasonably equitably ought to difpenfe with it when the keeping of it is detrimental to the public good, and more especially to the interefts of true religion; which fends us back once more to the merits of the caufe, whither I imagine this defender will not chufe to follow I am, Sir, &c. A lover of Truth and Chriflian Liberty. us. Mr URBAN, London, Feb. 21. HE number of perfons who are Twithout any employment, and therefore incapable of maintaining themselves and families for want of work, is found to be fo great, that it becomes every good and benevolent perfon to confider what can be done for their relief; and as a great many of them have for many years fupported themselves by their labour, without any expence to their parithes, it cannot be agreeable to them to be obliged to go into a public workhouse, which is to be the general reception of all the poor of that parish or dif. A trit. A good man (tho' poor) loves the company of his wife and children In private, retired from the public view. and enjoys great pleasure in fpending his leifure hours with them, and in inftructing his children in thofe things which will be useful to them. But fuch an agreeable retirement is not to be found in fuch a pub. lic place. Befides, as the poor are fo numerous, it will be very difficult to find employment for them, especially in manufactures for foreign exporta- B tion; as the prices of almoft all forts of provifions are now greatly increafed. What other methods then can be fuggetted for them? not be enough to employ their whole time, the men would ftill work at their respective trades and employments, and the women and children • spin wool, flax, or cotton, for our manufactures." Yours, &c. B.A. Improvements of Agriculture, Commerce, c. (Continued from page 15.) 1. I happened to be reading, a few days ago, a little pamphlet lately publish ed, entitled, An account of the Laws,&c. of the Ceffares, a people of South Ame. C rica; in which I find many excellent laws, and judicious fentiments, which would make any nation happy, that would put them in practice. But the following note, relating to the poor in England, I beg leave to transcribe and fend to you, hoping you will pub. lith it in your next Magazine: Such D a benevolent method might be used in many places, as Enfield Chace, EppingForeft, &c. which would greatly leffen the number of the induftrious poor, by which means the reit would be the more easily fupported. F TH HE dearnefs of provision is the landholders adding farm to farm, caufed, in a great degree, by and letting very large tracts of ground The poor's rate in England and Wales is grown to a molt exorbitant g "height, and fome years ago amount*ed to one million and feven hundred thousand pounds a year, according to a calculation made by Sir Joseph Jekyll; and the number of perfons who receive the poor's rate, and other alms, is computed to be no less than 400,000. Dr Grew reckons 'there are about 46 millions of acres in England and Wales, one fixth part ' of which are commons, heaths, fo'refts, &c. Now, if fome of these <were to be divided among the sober and induftrious poor, the poor's rate would be leffen'd, great numbers of < families would be made happy; marmage and population would be encouraged, on which latt the ftrength of a nation depends. About 5, 6, or 7 acres of land (according to the goodness and nature of the foil,) would be fufficient for every man, and enable him alfo to pay one or two fhillings a year, quit rent, to 'thofe perfons, whofe right of commoning would then be taken away. And as this portion of land would (Gent. Mag. FEB. 1765.) to one tenant. Butter, within twenty years, was fold at Coventry for 8 perce and to pence a quart in fpring and fummer, and in winter at 12 pence or 14 pence 3 but now it fells in fummer at 18 and 20 pence, and in winter at 2 fhillings and half a crown. The little farms that used to pro. duce this article, and bring it to mar, ket, are added to others, fo that there is now but one farm inftead of five or fix. The owner of the great farm does indeed keep a dairy, but he fends little butter to market, because his chief dependence is upon cheefe ; 'neither does he keep half the number of pigs, which occafions the dearness of pork and bacon; neither is cheese cheaper, to which butter and pork is facrificed; for though more is made; yet the rich mafter of a large farm, bringing none to market, but felling all to a factor, the factor monopolizes and confequently fixes the price fo as to bring him exorbitant gain. Another caufe of dearness of provi fions, rifing from combining fmalk farms into large, is, that he who rents an eftate of 5 or 600l. a year, generally keeps it in grazing, rather than tillage, for tillage is a laborious and troublesome employment, which per fons of large property will not drudge at, when they can make the same gain by grazing, which is genteel, eafy,, and pleasant. Five hundred a year in grazing may be managed by three fervants; but in' tillage it would employ more than G three-score. It appears, therefore, that, adding farm to farm, leaves great numbers of poor unemployd, who, if the great farm of a thousand a year, was divided into twenty of 50l. each, would be employed in cloathing the naked, and feeding the hungry. H II. If fallow lands were to be rolled, as well as ploughed and harrowed, the weeds would be more effectually eradicated M dicated, and the fertility of the foil encreased. When the land has been once plough. ed, bracked. and harrowed, a double rolling should be immediately given it with a flone roller about four feet A long and fix feet diameter, which, with its furniture, will weigh about a ton: In about a month, put in manure by another ploughing, then give the land a ftroke with the great harrow, and roll it as before: Quick-lime may then be fpread on the furface with great advantage, for it will foon diffolve the weeds that have been harrowed up into manure. Wheat, rye, and barley, may be rolled with a roller twice the length, and half the weight of that jutt defcribed; but the following cautions mult be carefully preferved. Never roll corn but in dry fresh wea ther; never ufe heavy rollers, nor roll before the blades are strong, nor after they are hardened; roll none but light lands, nor thofe if they have not been manured that or the preceding year with dung. In general, rolling will improve only rich light foil. III. Directions for pruning Peach-trees. The time is, when the bloffom-buds first begin to fmell; you will then know which bloffom bids faireft for producing fruit." B C D Never prune a twig till the tree is E entirely unnailed from the wall; you will then rum no hazard of breaking off fuch as you would wish to preferve. The method of pruning must be regulated by the age, vigour, and health of the tree. Of a Tree in its firft Year. If it has made but weak fhoots, reduce them, leaving from two to four on each fide, opposite to each other, and prune them to the length of 5 or 6 inches; if you find a small bearing branch that looks exceeding flourishing in the middle, you may leave it; but if it is not remarkably promising, cut it off, for the middle of the tree is fure to be filled, if the fides are pruned properly. If your tree has thrown out, in a good place, on each fide, one ftrong, woody branch, prune it to 8 or 10 inches, leaving here and there a bearing branch, If there is one of thefe woody branches on the fide, and one in the mid-, cut off both entirely, or the weak fide will be totally overpowered. The two fides must be kept as nearly equat as poffible, and the middle fhort. Of a Tree in the fecond Year, Confider two or four proper branches as the parents of the reft; let them fpread, and allow them all the fpace you think they can cover; the finaller branches fhould be left 6 or 8 inches long. Preferve fuch bloffom-buds as com out with a leaf bud between them: Those which come fingle, though with a leaf bud by the fide, will rarely fet. Reject all flender, ill-ripened bran ches; but preferve with the utmoft care the little fpurs that are only an inch or two long, and clustered little nofegays. Prune the rejected branches only down to the laft eye; for these branches may next year produce a better, which, if not wanted, may be again reduced, and you will always have one in ftore against a blight, By all means keep the bottom full of wood, laying the branches exactly even, and quite in a horizontal di rection; a branch that is crooked or bent, or laid over another, never will bear good fruit. Of a Tree in its full Beauty and Vigour. After it is un-nailed, cut the branches that bore laft year, which will be distinguished by their leanness, and the poor shoots they have made, quite clofe to the large branch from which they fpring; then cut out all the strong woody fhoots of the year, and the very fmall ones, preferving only thofe of a moderate fize, and the little clufFters mentioned before. Of all the roots from the wood, pruned last year, leave only one lower hoot. If the trees have not been too much exhausted, prune to the length of & inches. Next to pruning, the most imporGtant operation is nipping, tho' almost wholly neglected. H The proper time to nip is May. Nipping is pinching off the buds with the finger and thumb. On every branch 6 or 8 inches long, there will be 8 or 10 eyes or buds, but all thefe cannot be equally nourished. They must therefore be reduced to two or three, two oppofite to each other on the lower fide and the end→→ one should be fpared. Such Such branches as accompany the fruit fhould be pinched off with the nail, to the thickness of about two crown pieces; others, which have not fruit, thould be pulled quite off. Preferve only two of the shoots of the branches pruned fhort, the uppermolt and its oppofite. Supprefs the weak fhoots from the old wood intirely, unless they fill a vacancy, but preserve the clutters let them be where they will. When you meet with twin fruit, take off the least. When a blight happens, cut away the branch beyond the infected place. When the tree is attacked with the gum, prune it at least an inch below the grieved part. Review your work every eight or ten days to deftroy vermin, and take and fix-pence per gallon; the expence of burning twelve hours is 4.57 farthings. N. B. This gives as good a light as the candles of eight and ten in the pound. This lamp feldom wants Alinuffing, and cafts à steady, krong light. B off ill placed fhoots which may come C out after a shower. IV. Fruit trees may be fuccefsfully tranfplanted in Summer while the fap is in motion; a nut meg peach in full bloom was removed out of one garden into another, and not only lived but flourished, throwing out fhoots more than a foot long that very D Summer. V. Hogs may with great advantage be folded on wheat, if the foil is chalky, crumbly, loofe and light; the hogs will drop a confiderable quantity of dung, and tread the loofe parts of the foil fo close that it will not hove in E the fummer, nor will the wheat be root fallen, but every hog, must be well ringed. Experiments to determine the Expence of burning Candies of different Sixes, as they are com only made at Market-Harborough, in Leir ceftershire, A taper, chamber, or watch lamp, with four ordinary threads of cotton in the wick, confumes .1664 oz. of fpermaceti oil in one hour; the oil at two fhillings and fix pence per gallon, the expence of burning twelve hours is 2.34 farthings. A Narrative of the Proceedings relative to the Discovery of the Longitude by Harrifon's Time keeper, fubfequent to thofe publifbed in 1764. Mtion to the Houfe of Commons HARRISON having by peti fet forth the facts mentioned in a former account, (See Vol. XXIV. p.380) and prayed affiftance of parliament ; An act was paffed which, reciting that the utility of the Time-piece had been proved in a voyage to Jamaica, enacted that Mr Harrijon fhould re ceive 5oool. part of the reward, upon his difcovering the principles, on which his inftrument was made, fo that others might be conftructed in like manner to commiffioners named in the act, and that the residue should be paid as foon as future trials thould have ascertained that the Longitude could be difcovered by the faid in ftrument within the limits prefcribed by the act of Queen Anne, and the major part of the commiffioners should certify that it was so ascertained. But the commiffioners differing in F opinion concerning the execution of the act, Mr Harrison received no part of the soool. but a second trial of his inftrument was made in a voyage to Barbadoes, on board the Tartar, Sir John Lindsey commander, under the circumstances directed by the Lords of the Admiralty. 8.47 5112 13 5 191 9.53, Experiments to ascertain the ex- H pance of burning Chamber-Oil.-A taper lamp, with eight threads o cotton in the wick, coniumed in one hour 326 os. of spermaceti oil, at two shillings The Tartar failed from Spithead the 28th of March, and met with hard and contrary, gales, especially in the bay of Bifcay. On the 19th of April they made the island of Porto Santo N. E. of the Madiera's as fet forth in the following certificate: Madeira, April 10, 17 Jongitude given by the time keeper Given under my hand on board JOHN LINDSAY.” They arrived at Barbadoes May the B 23th, Mr Harrison all along in the voyage declaring how far he was dif tant from that ifland, according to the best fettled longitude thereof. The day before they made it, he dedeclared the distance: And Sir John failed in confequence of this declaration, till eleven at night, which proving dark he thought proper to lay by, Mr Harrison then declaring they were no more than eight or nine miles from the land, which accordingly at day break they faw from that distance. The commiffioners on the 18th of September 1764, met again, and came to feveral refolutions with respect to determining whether Mr Harrison's Time-piece had or had not been effectual within the words of the fta tute of Queen Anne. And Mr Har rifon by petition applied to them for the certificate on which his title to receive the reward was to be founded. In confequence of this petition, the commiffioners came to the following jefolutions unanimously. That the faid time keeper has kept its time with fufficient exactness, and without lofing its longitude in the voyage from Portsmouth to Barbadoes, beyond the nearest limit required by the act of the 12th of Queen Anne; but even confiderably within the fame; but, in regard the said Mr John Har rifon hath not yet made a discovery of the principles upon which his faid time keeper is constructed; nor of the method of carrying those principles into execution, by means whereof other fach time-keepers might be fra'med of fufficient correctness to find the longitude at fea, within the limits by the laid act required, whereby the faid invention might be adjudged pracRicable and ufeful in terms of the faid act, and agreeable to the true intent and meaning thereof; the commiffioners do nor therefore think themJelves authorized to grant any certi hcate to the faid Mr John Harrison, until he shall have made a full and Ꭰ G H clear difcovery of the faid principles and method, and the fame thall have heen found practicable and useful to their fatisfaction. But they are notwithstanding of opinion, that applica tion fhould be made to parliament for leave to pay the faid Mr John Harrison upon his producing his time keeper to certain perfons to be named by this board, and difcovering to them the prin ciples and manner of making the fame, lo much money as will make up the fums: already advanced to him 10,000l. exclufive of what he has received on ac count of improving his faid timekeeper; and moreover to pay him the remainder of a reward of 20,000l. on proof being made to the fatisfaction of this board, that his method will be of common and general utility in finding the longitude at fea within the nearelt limits required by the abovementioned act of the 12th of Queen Anne.” A copy of this refolution, fecuring to Mr Harrison 10,000l. upon his ditcovering the principles on which his Time-piece is constructed, and the remainder of the reward, upon their appearing to be fuch as will render it of general use, by enabling other artificers with reasonable skill, in reafonable time, and at reasonable expence to make them, was fent to Mr Harrison, who, however, deems himfelf legally intitled to the whole reward, by virtue of the A&, upon difclofing the principles of his inftru ment. I'Mr. Harrifon alfo, in order to fatisfy any doubts or fcruples hath offered to deliver to the commiffioners of the lontude, or to the lords of admiralty, his time keeper; by which any other fkilful workman may be enabled to make other time-keepers on the fame principles. And, for a farther fatisfaction, he is willing to depofit in the hands of the lords of the admiralty correct drawings upon oath, with ex planations of fuch drawings; and al. To the principles on which the fame is conftructed. For the farther fatis faction of the public, he is alfo willing to engage his fon, immediately on his receiving the reward given by the legiflature, to employ a fufficient number of hands, fo as with all poffible fpeed to furnish his majefty's navy, the merchants and navigators of this kingdom, with fuch number of timekeepers of equal goodness with that already made, and in two voyages in contellably proved, at fuch reasonable rates as the nature of the undertak |