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is already drawn up, nothing more is
neceflary than to change the names,
what I would have given to Nouraly as
a hufband, I will now give as a friend,
or if you will, as a father. Come my
dear Nelfon, it must be fo, do not mor-
tify me by refufing my offer." "I
am confounded faid Nelfon but not A
furprized; at this generofity I have a
fenfe of it that I cannot exprefs, I can
only accept it with confufion, and re-
vere it in filence; if I did not know
how easily respect conciliates with
friendship, I fhould no longer dare to
call you my friend."

During this converfation Nouraly B came to herself, and recognized her fituation with a terror that was immediately visible in her countenance; but what was her furprife and joy when he became fenfible of the revolution that had taken place." Every thing is known faid Nelson, catching her in his arms, and every thing is forgiven; make your acknowledge C ments, to your benefactor it is from his hand that I receive yours. Nouraly was about to exprefs her obligations to Blandford, but he prevented her: "You are a child, fays he, you ought to have made me your confidant, but fay no more of it now, only remember, That there are Tryals which Virtue itself would do well to avoid.

Memoirs of GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. (Continued from p. 234.)

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OUNT Tilly, one of the greateft generals of his age, being appointed Generaliffimo of the imperial armies, marched towards Lower Saxony, in order to stop the progrefs of the K. of Sweden, and took New Bran- E denbourg by ftorm, which he gave up to be plundered. Guflavus, on his part, took Demmin, Franckfort on the Oder, Landberg, and many other places, defeated and difperfed feveral bodies of Imperialifts, among others one of 8000 men, and made proper difpofitions for the relief of Magdebourg, which Pappenheim, by Tilly's orders, had befieged.

Guflavus was well acquainted with the great importance of that fortress; the fuccefs of the war feemed much to depend on its relief. But before he marched to its affistance he was defirous of providing for the fupport of his army, and of fecuring a retreat in cafe of need. For this purpose he defired the Elector of Brandenbourg to put into his hands the fortreffes of CuAfrin and Spandau, under a promife that

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they should be restored as foon as Magdebourg fhould be relieved. He endea voured alfo to prevail with the Elector of Saxony to entrust him with the defence of Wirtemberg,and with the bridge there over the Elbe, to furnish him with provisions and warlike ftores, and to join his troops to the Swedes. Thefe two electors were not very ready to comply; the negociations took up fome time, and they were not yet fi nished when the news came that Magdebourg had been taken by storm. Neither the facking of Numantia, the ruin of Carthage, nor the deftruction of Jerufalem equalled the defolation and horrors of which Magdebourg was the miferable scene. The imperial foldiers, the moft profligate and the greatest robbers that were then in the world, never ceafed from maffacring while any victims remained, nor from plundering till the fire prevented them from entering the houfes; and this foon became general, for as they had fet it on fire in feveral places, and the wind was very high, the whole city was foon in flames, and the heat became fo intense that the foldiers, not being able to fupport it, were obliged to retire to the ramparts, and even to leave the town. No wickedness that the thirft of gold, the most infamous lafciviousness, and the most barbarous cruelty could perpetrate, was omitted, to complete the miferies of that flourishing city. One cannot read the account without trembling. Of abova 4000 houses, moft of which were palaces, but 139 remained, which were not much better than the huts of fishermen.

The deftruction of Magdebourg was a thunder ftroke to the Protestants of Germany, and matter of triumph for the court of Vienna. The Emperer Ferdinand then saw himself as formidable as ever, and thought himself able to give laws to all who had dared to oppofe him. The publick was aftonifhed, as it could not conceive why the K. of Sweden had not prevented the lofs of fo important à fortress. Gulavus was fenfible how much that unhappy event might difcourage the Proteftants and prevent the fuccefs of his arms; this induced him to publith, in Latin and German, an apology for his conduct, in which he proved that the lofs of Magdebourg was wholly G owing to the magiftrates themselves, fome of whom had maintained a correfpondence with the Imperialists, and had favoured them, and, in order to avoid the expence, all of them had de

clined the measures that had been propofed, to prevent the evils which threatened them. He made it appear that he had neglected nothing in order to enable himself to raife the fiege, but that his defigns had been thwarted and delayed by the obstinacy of the eJectors of Saxony and Brandenbourg, in rejecting the offers he had made them of acting in concert in this great enterprize, of at leaft of giving up to him fome places which would protect the rear and the flanks of his army,

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and which, in cafe of accidents, might B

fecure him a fafe retreat. This apo logy had all the fuccefs defired, and the cruelties to which Magdebourg had fallen a prey ferved only to revive the Courage of the Proteftants, by making them dread the falling into the hands of an enemy, who, with fuch inhumanity, abused his victories.

E

Tilly, elated with his fucceffes, affected to proclaim them to all the Protettant princes in the ftyle of a conqueror, and to threaten them with approaching deftruction if they did not fubmit to the Emperor's authority. He filled with the terror of his arms D the bishoprick of Bremen, the dutchy of Wirtemberg, the city of Ulm, Thu ringia, and Hee, and he had made preparations for totally crushing the Jaft mentioned landgravate, when the Progrefs of Guftavus Adolphus recalled him into Saxony. The K. of Sweden had at length engaged the Elector of Brandenburg to give up to him his ftrongest towns, and the Elector of Saxony to join his troops to the Savedifh army, and to make it for the fu ture one common caufe. He had driven the Imperialifts out of Pomerania, by the taking of Griphavalde; he had reconquered all the Dutchy of Mecklenbourg, and restored its princes. He had taken Tangermande and Havelberg, and had encamped at Werben, from whence he threatened Magdebourg, which Pappenheim feared he fhould not be able to preferve. Tilly, therefore, found it neceffary to return into Saxony. Guflavus, apprized of his march, fell on his van-guard, cut in pieces five regiments of Cuirafiers, and then returned to his camp at Werben. Tilly followed him, but did not dare to attack him in his intrenchments. He turned afide towards Saxony with a view of forcing the Elector into a fubmiflion, and having been joined by a frefu corps of 25,000 Imperialists, he Battered himself with being foon mafter of the whole country, and with

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driving the K. of Sweden into his own dominions. With thefe hopes he en deavoured to come to a decifive battle. Guftavus, called to the relief of Saxony, repaired thither with great.ardor, and being joined by the Saxons, he was not afraid to try his ftrength with the Imperialifts, though their army was much fuperior in number to his. Two enemies who feek each other are foon found; the two armies, therefore, foon met at Breitenfeld near Leipfic. Our author here corrects a mistake of Mr Harte*, who fays "That Tilly was defeated at the fame place where Charles V. had defeated and taken prifoners John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, and Philip, Landgrave of Helle." Now the Emperor gained that victory on the heath of Lechau, near the city of Muhlberg, 15 or 16 leagues from Breitenfeld. Besides, the Landgrave Philip was not made prisoner at the affair of Muhlberg, not being there.

The Imperial and Swedish armies met near Leipfic, and engaged in the moft dreadful battle that had been

feen a long time. At the beginning of it Tilly's right wing broke, and put to flight the king's left wing, compofed of the Saxons, fo that Guftavus was left to oppose fingly all the efforts of the Imperialis. Nevertheless he was not difconcerted; he had foreseen the flight of the Saxons, and had provided against the confufion which that might occafion; in fhort, he fought with fo much skill and bravery that he gained a moft glorious victory. Tilly was totally defeated, his army difperfed and put to flight, his baggage and all his artillery taken: Being wounded himfelf, he had great difficulty to efcape; 7000 Imperialifts were killed on the fpot, and above 5000 were taken prifoners. The rout was general: Two days after the Swedes fell in with a body of Fugitives, killed 2000, and made 3000 prifoners, of whom almost all enlifted in the king's army, fo that. G it was five or fix thousand men ftronger than it was before the battle. Tilly fled to Halberfadt, and not finding himself fafe there, he retired from thence with the broken remains of his amy, telling the magiftrates that the Emperor was no longer able to protect their city, and therefore that he gave them up its keys.

By this fignal victory all Germany

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was laid open, and Guftavus only to traverfe in order to fubdue it. The battle of Leighc was fought Sept. 7, 1631, and before the end of the year, this hero had reached Francfort on the Mayn. Many writers, and among the relt, the Chev. Folard, in his commen. taries on Polybius, have cenfured Guf tavus for being guilty of a like miftake with Hannibal, when, instead of marching directly, to Rome after the battle of Cana, he amufed himself in Campania: This was Oxenfiern's opinion. He thought that if his matter had marched to Vienna, he would have met with no refiftance, and that the emperor fo humbled, would have been forced to fubmit to all the terms which might have been impofed upon him. Our author juftifies Guftavus, for these three reafons: 1. Because the encouraging the proteftant princes, and the putting himself at their head, was of more consequence than the driving the emperor out of his capital. 2. That Gußavus by eltablishing his authority in the center of Germany, made himself the arbiter of. the emperor, and the empire, and broke all the measures of the Catholic league, and all the negotiations of Ferdinand. 3. That it was necessary for him to purfue Tilly, and to prevent his raifing a new army, which might enable him to take his revenge in the manner he wished.

C

D

the command of his armies. It was long before he could be prevailed one nor would he accept of the post of generaliffimo, but upon terms very thameful to the emperor, who complied with them. On the other fide, Ferdinand had recourfe to the Pope, in order to obtain from him pecuniary fupplies; the Pontiff replied, that he applauded his zeal for the catholic religion, he thanked him for it with all his heart, he would readily affift him with his advice, but that he could not fecond him in any other manner, confidering the exhaufted ftate of St Peter's treafury. To teftify the intereft he took in the emperor's caufe, he published an univerfal jubilee to implore the affiftance of heaven for the protection of the Holy See, for the extirpation of heretics, and for union among the catholic princes. Ferdi nand's minifters were very fenfible that the Pope bantered them, and that thefe devotions were only a farce to cover the refufal of more fubitantial fuccours.

The emperor found a much better refource in Wallenftein than in the Pope. While this Pontiff, Pope as he was, faid his prayers in private for the heretics, and in public had general proceffions, at which he affifted in perfon, without giving Guftavus_the leaft uneasiness, the generaliffimo raifed an army, of which he made fuch good ufe, that he drove the Sazons out of Bohemia; he endeavoured to detach the elector of Saxony from his alliance with the king of Sweden, by advantageous pofitions which he knew how to take, and by a well contrived refiftance he retarded that hero's progrefs, as appeared at the affair of NuF remberg, where the king could not force the intrenchments with which he was covered.

We shall not follow this hero in the rapid progress of his conquefia; it is probable, that he took lefs time in gaining than his hiftorian has in defcribing them. In fome months, he faw himself master of most of the provinces of the empire, from the Baltic fea to the frontiers of France and Switzerland, and from the German Ocean to the borders of the Tyrolefe. Strengthened by the alliance and fubfidies of France, and fupported by all the protestant ftates, united in defence of their laws and liberties, he had made most of the princes of the Catholic league either afraid to take part G with the emperor, or unable to do him fervice. Thus every thing feemed to prognofticate a total eclipfe of Ferdinand's power. He was dreadfully embarrassed, and had scarce any hopes of re eftablishing his affairs. Nevertheless, being too haughty to fue for peace to a prince whom he thought he could eafily have crushed, he only confidered of methods to continue the war. For this purpofe, he recalled Wallenfiein, from whom he had taken (Gent. Mag. JULY 1765.)

We cannot pass over in Gilence a very interefting converfation which paffed between Guftavus and St Etienne, envoy from France at the court of Bavaria. St Etienne was come to the Savedib army to negotiate a neutrality in behalf of the D. of Bavaria; and to give weight to his follicitation, he made ufe of fome menacing expreffions, as if France had the Duke's intereft very much at heart. M. de St Etienne, Guftavus brifkly replied, Í have communicated my intentions to his moft Chriftian Majefty by his ambaffadors, and I know thofe of the King your mafter better than you do. I depend on his friendship,

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and

and I have reafon to believe that you speak of your own head and in confequence of that zeal which you have for the Duke of Bavaria; but be affured, that if the king your mafter should break his alliance with

me, it would not make me retreat A " one step. I have made war all my life, and I have found that no nation is invincible: My arms are juft. I have had proofs of the di'vine protection, particularly at the battle of Leitfic; on that protection I rely more than on my own g ftrength. I am only a feeble inftrument which God employs for the execution of his defigns. I have as vet loft nothing but my hat*. The Imperialis took it from me in Pruf fia, and fent it as a trophy to Wallenflein. I reckon that they have paid me very dearly for it, and that C Tilly would have been very willing that I fhould have kept my beaver, and that he should not have been beat. If any other payment is yet to be made, Wallenflein may compleat "it."

ing difcouraged by that finifter event they redoubled their efforts, and facrinced thousands of the Imperialists, who were a fort of trophy raised on the tomb of this great monarch.

Our author, after having given a particular defcription of the battle of Lutzen, in a feparate differtation, difcuffes this point, viz. Whether the great Guflavus was killed in confequence of a confpiracy formed against his life, and by whom that confpiracy was formed and executed? He relates impartially all that the most eminent historians have faid on the subject. It appears plainly that they are not agreed as to many circumftances of the battle, and the King's death; one even fees evident contradictions in the various relations of thofe who pretend that they were eye witneflns of that event. Our author does not disguise the embarrassment which every impartial judge muft feel, in order to know with certainty whether the general opinion of that Prince's affaffination be well founded. He dares not affirm it, for which he gives his reafons, which it would be too tediDous to difcufs with him; but he concludes that it is very probable that he was really affaffinated, that it was done at the infigation of Wallenflein, the emperor, and the court of Spain, and by the hands of two traytors, the principal of whom was Francis Albert of Saxe Lowinbourg. This prince, fome years before, had received a box on the ear from Guflavus, who had offered to give him fatisfaction, but by the mediation of Oxenfliern these two princes were reconciled. Soon after, Francis Albert went into the emperor's fervice, became one of Wallenflein's moit intimate friends, had the command of a regiment, and received many other favours from the emperor. Afterwards, on what account is not known, he came to the Swedish army, attached himself to the king's perfon, and followed him with fuch affiduity that the chancellor Oxenfiern entertained some fufpicions of him, for which Gafervus faw no foundation: The battle of Lutzen was fought; that very day Francis Albert were under his cloaths a green fah, which was the imperial colour, and he did not leave the king a moment: Seeing him Hgo afide with two fervants only to give fome orders himfelf to his left wing, he followed him immediately with one of his confidents, whofe name, it is thought, was Falkenberg,

He did indeed effeQuaily compleat it at the famous battle of Lutzen, where the Imperial army which he commanded was cut in pieces and put to fight, where he lost all his artillery and ftores, and left in the hands of the Swedes the greatest part of his fandards and colours. Pappenheim was mortally wounded there, and E died the next day, and Wallenflein ditmayed, fled as far as Leitmeritz, 50 leagues from the field of battle, and from thence to Prague, where he could rally a handful only of his officers and foldiers, and where he vented the chagrine and fury with which the fhame of his defeat inspired him, by ordering fome Croats to he hanged, and above twenty officers and feveral cuiraffiers to be beheaded.

But anidit the fongs of triumph which this moft glorious victory could not but infpire, the Swedes bewailed the death of their formidable her, who was become the glory of their nation, and the deliverer of Germany.

Cuftavus Adolphus was killed in the heat of the bittle; his troops knew it and revenged him. Instead of be

In like manner the King of Pruffia, the modern Guftavus, in a letter to M. d'Argens after the battle of Lignitz in 1760, fays, "Dent talk to me of danger. The last

action cost me only a fuit of cloaths and a "bo fe. This is buying victory very cheap," (See Vel. xxx. p. 582.)

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and

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and who passed for his equerry. At that inftant the king was wounded in the left arm, and received a piitol fhot between his fhoulders; in short, he was killed: Lowenberg returned all bloody, but without a wound; he reported that the king had perished in the battle; he was the firit who fent Wallenftein the news of Guftavus's death, and two days after, he left the Swedish fervice, and entered into that of the emperor. At length, as he was a man fit for any thing, he was involved in the affair of Wallenflein; he was arrested the fame day that that. generaliffimo was affaffinated at Egra by the emperor's order, and he would have attoned on a fcaffold for his intrigues and treafons if he had not bar. tered his religion to fave his life. Do not all thefe circumftances united, render it more than probable that this prince of Saxe-Lowenbourg killed the C king of Sweden, or at least directed the hands which affaffiuated him? It is certain, that Francis Albert knew that he was accused of that abominable crime, and that he defended him. felf very poorly.

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of

army was totally defeated and dif perfed, they made bonfires at Madrid, Vienna, and Bruels. Te Deum was fung, guns were red, comedies acted, in fhort, they difplayed a moft indecent extravagance of joy. But he was fincerely regretted, not only by his fubjects and his troops, but alfo by all the protestants of France, Germany, Holland, and England. He died at the age of 37 years, 11 months, and 27 days, in the very arms of victory; he triumphed as he fell. This prince, by his great virtues and his heroic talents deferved the love of his cotemporaries, the efleem even his enemies, and the applaufe of pofterity. A kind husband, a tender father, a good king, and the best of mafters; popular, affable, difinterefted, and generous; strict in his morals, frugal, a ftranger to oftentation and vain magnificence; noble in his difcourfe and in his manners, but without haughtiness and pride; zealous for religion, and animated by a devotion equally pure and tender, he had the art of making himself both esteemed and beloved, and, by his example, he preftablished in his dominions, and even in his armis, Christianity, good order, wildom, and virtue. Though he is not the only one who has immortalized himself by great conquefts, he is perhaps the only one who has made piety the basis of his throne, and who has deferved the uncommon title of a great man, and a virtuous hero. At the time of his death he was master of two thirds of Germany; he was in poffeffion there of 130 strong towns.

Neverthelef, Mr Harte affirms that this prince was entirely innocent of that odious attempt, of which he was generally fufpected. If he is afked how he proves it, he replies, that "Falckenberg, the prince's equerry, a "" man of honour and distinction, "kil"led, with his own hand, the wretch "who gave Guft.rvus Adolphus his E "death's wound." But where did Mr Harte find this anecdote? This he has not told us. And, fuppofing it were true, how could it be proved? Would this be the first instance of the author's of a confpiracy dispatching those whom they have employed in the execution of it? And in this, the English hiftorian is contradicted by Wallenftein, who was well acquainted with the fact, and who, in the account which he fent to the emperor, faid, that the King of Sweden was killed by one named Falkenberg, Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment of Florence, who was afterwards killed himself on

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Mr URBAN,

THE ingenicus M. Durch of Brunswick published fome time ago a work in trva volumes 8vo. written in the German language under the Title of Moral Letters to form the Heart.

The following, which is a Tranflation of one of theje letters, I think cannot fail of affording an elegant and rational enter tainment to your readers. I am, &c. Y. CLEONICUS to TIRIUS.

Epine not Tirius at the fituation

the very foot where he had killed the Ref life in which providence has

king. Wallenflein had too great a G
endthip for Lowenbourg to publish it
to the world; he concealed his friend's
crime, but he rewarded it.

So fell the great Guflavus! Wounded by the enemy, he was flain by the hand of a traytor. His death was matter of joy to the emperor and the King of Spain. Though the imperial

placed you; rather be ashamed of your unmanly impatience, doubly unbecoming when it is levelled at your Creator. Every diffatisfied thought about the ftation allotted you is blafphemy against his wifdom; every complaint a criminal revolt againít the order of the fupreme will of the

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