Lift of new Books published; with Extra&s, Α N Effay towards pointing out, in a fhort and plain method, the Eloquence and Action proper for the pulpit. Fletcher. In this performance there is no rule given for propriety, either in elocution or action, but that they should be free and ey. The author is indeed wholly ignorant of the fubject about which he writes; an affertion which is fupported and justified by the following paragraph from his work, "he (the author) does by no means pretend to be a competent judge of pulpit oratory, having no kind of talents or abilities that way." What thould prompt a man who has this opinion of himself to write a book upon pulpit oratory, is not eafy to guefs; but that he is not qualified to write upon any subject is manifest, for he is not acquainted even with grammar, the medium of all other fcience. He tells us that he has "many very in"genious friends, to whofe advice and "folicitations he does himself the honour "fo far, to lay, the publication of the "following fheets is owing." He fays too that he "fubmits them to the fuperior "judgment of the Literati, to which, in "pointing out any mistakes, he shall ever "pay the utmoft deference, and receive it "with the greatest gratitude." He is however" at a loss to prefume to give his "opinion," and he conteffes "what a "ma nice and delicate fubject it is which "he is going to handle." He fays, that moral writers have been diffufive upon a pine, fo that there is the its need to be faid. B Mind, written by the late incomparable Dr Jonathan Swift, he would have found that Demofthenes was not asked thrice what was, as he expreffes it, the most material property of an orator, but was asked what was the first part of an orator, then what was the fecond, and then, what was the A third; to each of which questions he anfwered, Aion. This would have faved him the difgrace of appearing not so much as to know the paffage he has pretended to illufirate. It is pity too that having fuppofed action to include tone, emphasis, paufe and inflection of voice, he should place an abfurd redundancy in the very titie of his book, by calling it an etay on Eloquence AND Action, and afterwards recommend freedom and ease not only in action but delivery. D It is a trite obfervation that saying and doing are two things; and however little E this author may say his need in public, it is greatly to be hoped that he will do his need ftill lefs. He obferves, of feveral things that they are equally as certain, and is really forry to observe how extreme few "there were at the university in his time "that spoke with grace and propriety." Thefe quotations may fuffice to thew F the author's mode of expreffion; and with one inftance of his mode of thinking, we hall difmifs him. After telling us that Demofthenes heing thrice asked what was the most material property of an orator, anfwered thrice, AcTION; he adds, that he conjectures the word Action comprehends, tf. all the various inflexions of voice, 2dly, the apt obfervation of periods of fentences; 3dly, the emphafis or energy of expreffing evin various particular words; 4thly, the fire and Spirit of the eyes; 5thly, the expreffion of the countenance; and, 6thly, the various postures and difpontions of the finger, hand, and arm. Now if this unfortunate gentleman had looked into that tract of deep erudition, called a Tritical Effay on the Faculties of the (GENT. MAG. May 1765.) G H 2. The rule of the Members of the company of Jefus, called Jefuits. 1s 6d Kearsley. This is faid to be published by a proteftant, with a view to expose the artifices of the enemies to the proteftant religion. The publication, however, of this rule, can only fhew that the feveral charges which have been brought against the Jefuits have not been incurred by that fociety, in confequence of the rules of their order. They on the contrary enjoin, the utmost devotion, purity, charity, filence, modesty, and feclufion from the world, and from worldly affairs. They will appear to an impartial eye, to be worthy of the best and the wileft fociety that ever exifted upon the earth. Yet it does by no means follow that the Jefuits are fuch a fociety, or that the charges brought against them, of practices and principles which render them un-. fit for toleration in any civil fociety, are not true. Some of thefe charges are urged by the editor of the rules, in a preface and introduction, but the principal are included in following the account. Pafchal having in his provincial letters proved the shameful equivocations, and cafuiftical refinements of the Jesuits, in cales of confcience, by which, every fin was explained away, from the works of their own writers, the fociety first disputed Paychal's quotations, and denied that any fuch paffages were in the works of the authors, whence they were faid to have been extracted; to fupport this defence they printed at very great expence, editions of the authors, quoted by Pafchal, without the paffages that he had extracted, antedating their edition, and carefully fubftituting copies of it, in the stead of other copies wherever they could gain access, in hops and colleges and libraries. When this was done they ventured to act offentively, and boldly accused Pajebal as a vile and lying calumniator of their order and appealed to the books for a proof of their charge. PA Pafchal, however, though not without difficulty, procured copies of the genuine unmutilated editions, and thus put an end to their triumph by supporting the paffages in which fraud, adultery, murder, regicide, and many vices yet more horrid, were authorized by the doctrine of upright intention. has put fuch arguments into the mouths of Juno and Venus, as proceed from a partial view of our frame; and fuch as are deduced from a more just and comprehensive view into the mouth of Minerva. As the pleafures and the pains of fenfuality and ambition, and the pure unallayed A happiness of virtue have probably been the fubject of more books than the life of any man will fuffice to read, it cannot be expected that there is any thing new in this poem,either with refpect to the principles, or the light in which they are exhibited. It is fufficient to fay that the verfe in general is mufical, and that poetical imagery is not wholly wanting. The fociety then fet up another defence, and faid that the principles objected to, were not the principles of the order, which execrated them equally with other chriftians, and that if fome members of it had held wicked principles, the fociety was no more to be condemned than the apoftles, B for having Judas among their number. It is ftrange that this defence which is irrefragable was not made at first; and it 48 ftranger that a fociety eminent for its fagacity and policy, fhould think it poffible to deftroy all the genuine copies of the works quoted by Pafchal, and substitute others in their room, fo that none fhould C he produced against them from any quarter, especially as they must have been in the libraries of proteftant countries, and even in the library of Paschal himself, who had fed them. Truth needs no forgery for its defence, and the Jefuits may be justly condemned in confequence of their practices, let their principles be what they will. D It does not therefore appear that this author has done much good to protestantism, by publishing the rule of the Jefuits, in which there is nothing bad, and bringing a charge against their principles as a foci-ety not fufficiently supported by any other authority. The rule here published is no where E fold, and was never before made public here. The editor fays, he borrowed the copy from which his tranflation is made, of an English Jefuit of St Omers, in the year 1756, under promise of returning it the next day, which, fays he, was complied with after having firft tranflated the whole. As the making this tranflation was certainly contrary to the fpirit, though not the words of his promife, he feems himself to have acted upon Jefuitical principles, and would find it difficult to justify his conduct upon any other principles than thofe contained in their doctrine of upright intention. 3. Amana, a dramatic poem. As this is the performance of a lady, and printed by fubfcription, we shall fay nothing of it but that it is founded on the story of Amana and Nouraddin taken from the adventurer, No 72, 73. 4. The judgment of Paris, a poem, by James Beattie, M. A. s. 6d. The author in a fhort preface to this piece tells us, that it was written to fhew that Virtue only can give us fupreme happiness, and with this view he has perfon:fied ambition, wisdom, and picature, under the Eames of Juno, M.nerva, and Venus, and F G 5. Agriculture and commerce, a dialogue. Is Becket. In this dialogue the feveral merits of commerce and agriculture are fifted, and both appear equally neceffary to the ftate. The following may ferve as a fpecimen, A. For my fuperfluous grain and wool With all their artificial features, C. Against fuch rufticated strains We lately faw our banners fly 6. The Shepherd's Artifice, a dramatic paftoral. The words and mufic by Mr Dibden. The fhepherd's artifice is to difcover his miftreffes love for him, by making her jealous. The intire drama is formed upon this fingle incident; the whole is in verfe, and as it feems intended to be the mere vehicle of mufic, it is scarcely a fubject for literary criticism. 7. An enquiry into the nature, caufe, and cure of the croup. By Francis Home, M. D. printed at Edinburgh. The Croup is a difeale refembling the Catarrbus fuffocativus of Ermulier, and still more a disease defcribed by Dr Ruffel in his H œconomy of nature; from which it differs chiefly, if not only, by not being attended with ulcers about the larynx, nor terminating in a phacelus of the lungs. It feems to be a difeafe feldom feen but in Scotland, which is probably the reafon that it has not yet been the subject of any medical treatife. This author calls it Suffocatio Aridula, the leading symptoms being a thrill voice and difficult breathing. He fuppofes the feat A of the distemper to be the cavity of the wind pipe. It is peculiar to children, and differs from all other diseases, in the following particulars. ift. A peculiar fharp thrill voice not eafily defcribed, but fomething like the imperfect crowing of a young cock. 2dly. A remarkable freedom from all complaints when in imminent danger, fo that the fick will eat a minute before they expire. It is attended also with ift. A quick laborious breathing. 2dly. A quick pulfe, fometimes ftrong at first, but always foft and weak towards the end. 3dly. Scarce any difficulty of fwallowing, or remarkable inflammation of the fauces. 4thly. A dull pain, and fometimes an external fwelling in the upper part of the trachea. 5thly. A very rapid progress of all the fymptoms, and 6thly. Sometimes a cough, a red fwelled face, cedomatous feet, thirst, and reachings. It is often miftaken for peripneumoniacal complaints, and fevere colds, but the lungs are never affected. B C D The caufe of this disease is a preterna. E tural white tough thick membranous cruft, which covers, for many inches, the infide of the wind pipe, beginning gene. rally about an inch below the Glattis. It is of a confiftence fo tenacious, that it will remain in warm water many days without diffolving; it is not however at. tached to the parts below, but is eafily feparable from them, as there is always matter between them. When the morbid membrane is once formed, the cafe is defperate, as it can be neither diffolved nor extracted, but by bronchotomy, which the author advises as affording the only chance of recovery. There are two ftates of the difeafe, one inflammatory, and the other purulent. In the inflammatory ftate, the pulle is ftrong, the face red, the thirst great, and evacuations ferviceable. In the purulent fate, the pulfe is weak and foft, the pa tient is extremely feeble, and fuffers preat anxiety, the tongue is moist, the thirft lefs, and evacuations haften death. The phyfician is feldom called till the patient is in the laft ftate, which is farther known by the expectoration or vomiting of purulent matter, and the urine s depofi fin: a fedimen". The firit, or inflammatory state only F G admits of medical affiftance, the most effectual is bleeding, by the lancet first, and then by leeches applied to the fore part of the throat; the body should be kept gently open, and fome of the cooling refolvent falts adminiftered in whey. Blifters alfo applied round the neck have had a good effect, after the veffels were well emptied, but not before, and if the inflam mation is great, they may by their ftimulus do harm. Emolient fomentations and cataplafms round the neck have been ferviceable. The refolvent fteams of warm water and vinegar received by the mouth fometimes give immediate relief. Though in the purulent ftate, at which time the membrane is formed, medicine can afford the parient no relief, yet nature fometimes difcharges the membrane by a critical cough, which art cannot bring on, the morbid membrane rendering the parts infenfible to any external irritation. 8. The Spanish Lady, a mufical farce, performed at Covent Garden, The story is taken, with very little al- It must be confidered as a mere vehicle for 9. An account of the great benefits received by the public, from the fociety for encouraging arts, manufactures, and commerce. 6d Hooper. from the producing in our own dominions Thefe advantages are fuppofed to arife many articles of trade, for which we have been used to pay very large annual fums to other countries particularly. 14. Madder, for which we used to pay the Durch 200,000l. per Ann. 2d. Hemp, for which we have paid annually to foreigners 300,000l. 34. Pot afh, for which we paid a very large fum not specified. 4th. Silk, the growth of which they have encouraged in Georgia and Carolina; an article for which we pay annually to Italy and Spain (exclufive of China and Turkey) about 1,400,cool. To thefe are added verdigreale,zaffre, and fmalt, with other lefs confiderable articles. The author fuppofes national advantage to be in proportion to national wealth, which is a mistake that moft writers have fallen into. The conveniences of life are not cheap in proportion to the wealth of the nation, but the contrary; plenty of H money raifes the price of every commodity, and of all labour; and if he who has now fty pounds can buy no more with fifty pounds than he that when the nation had less money, had ten pounds could buy wit ten, it is clear we gain nothing witų A spect to the facility of procuring either the We have no defence but our fleets, we This account is published with a view to raife a fublcription of about 12,0col. to build the fociety a house. 10. An account of the behaviour of the malefactors lately executed at Kingston in Surry. 6d Lewis, This account deferves notice only as it records a fact that must fill every breast with grief, indignation, and horror; and which it is hoped will caufe, fome regulation to prevent the like for the future. William Hazle, a young fellow about 22 years of age, born at Wimbleton in Sury, where he fubfifted by husbandry, was profecuted by one Gappy, for robbing him on the highway of a guinea and some filver; and Gappy swearing positively to his períon, and to the fact he was convicted. being brought into doubt, he went to Streetham to make fuch enquiries as might tend to afcertain the convict's innocence or guilt. When he came thither, he found one Newland, who affifted in apprehending Hazle, and was with him before Fielding: Newland declared that when Gappy was examined before that magiftrate he would not fwear Hazle was the man that robbed him. This was a very strong circumstance in the prifoner's favour, for Gappy having been fellow fervant with Hazle must know his perfon, and going with him from the public houfe, where they had been drinking, must know whether he did or did not rob him. He justly fufpected therefore that Gappy in the bitterness of his revenge had sworn that Hazle had rbbed him, but that being staggered in his diabolical purpofe. when fift examined by the magiftrate, he had not obduracy enough on the fudden to reiterate his perjury. Tho' between that and his tryal he had time to furmount his fcruples, and fortify himself in his purpose of revenge. In this opinion he was confirmed, by farther enquiry, upon which he was credibly informed that Gappy asked the landlord of the very public house where he D had been drinking with Hazle, on the very night when he fwore he was robbed of a guinea and fome fiver, if he would truft him for a pint of beer, alledging, that he had no money. E When Mr Bradbury, the minifter who attended him, enquired whether he acknowledged the justice of his fentence, he aníwered No, for that he was wholly innocent of the fact fworn against him. Up- G on being farther questioned, he said That Gappy, the fellow who profecuted him, had been his fellow fervant; that they had been drinking together at the White Horfe at Streatham, and that quarrelling as they went along, Gappy truck him in the face, which he refented, and beat him feverely, but that he neither robbed hima nor ever intended it. Though the poor youth conftantly per. fifted in this (tory, and confirmed it by the molt folemn affeverations, Mc Bradbury did not impliciti, believe him; but his und H But notwithstanding Mr Bradbury's foruples were now entirely removed, and he could not but conclude that the prifoner had great injuflice done him by the iniquity of the profecutor; the poor fellow was hanged purfuant to his fentence, folemnly declaring his innocence with his last breath. It is furely greatly to be regretted, that upon fuch occafions accefs is fo difficult to those who alone have power to " preferve them that are appointed to die." The known goodness of our gracious fovereign is fuch, that he would with joy have interpofed, if he had but known there was such an occafion to exert at once both his juftice and his mercy. 11. Trifling thoughts on ferious fubjects, addreffed to Lord Sandwich,15 6d Nicol. The principal fubject of these trifling thoughts is Marriage, which the author wishes to encourage, as the means of leffening the number of proftitutes, preventing fome deteftable vices, and encreafing the number of people, the great fource of the ftrength and profperity in the state. To encourage marriage he proposes to repeal the marriage-act, to levy a tax upon all batchelors and widowers having no chuldren, and to apply the money so raised in giving a marriage dower to the poorer fort, and diftributing gratuities among fuch of the fame order as have enriched the ftare by by a certain number of children upon the E principle of the juftrium liberorum of the Ro! mans. He propofes also that publick buildings fhould be erected all over the kingdom, on nearly the fame plan as the Foundling - Hofpital, for the maintenance of the children of the poor, and that the parliament fhall grant the fums neceffary for that purpose. That public ftews fhall be licenced, and that the proftitutes that now ply in the 1 ftreets not only at night, but in the day, fhould under fevere penalties be obliged to confine themselves to fuch diftri&s. been hitherto attempted by thofe who have written on the fubject (except the late Mr H. Fielding, fee Vol. xx1 p. 559) & which is the object of the bill now depending, but by preventing any part of the people from coming under that denomination of poor which it is fuppofed the publick muft maintain, or at leaft employ. A. 5. To prevent poverty it is necessary to reftrain the advantages of one man from becoming the difadvantage of another; and a law, therefore, fhould be framed to hinder the inordinate accumulation of property. 12. Obfervations on the number and mifery of the poor, on the heavy rates levied for their maintenance, and on the B causes of poverty. 1s Becket, The principle obfervations of this writer are the following: 1. Houfholder and land-holder are very unequally taxed to the poor. A traderman who lives in a houte of 20l. a-year, generally gets as much money as a farmer who rents 15el. per Ann. Now a fixpenny rate will take front the farmer 31. 155. and from the tradefman 10s. 6. In the confideration of property, land claims the first place. Land is held in England by various tenures, founded on abfurd principles and obfolete ufages. If a father dies, leaving fix children, his whole inheritance defcends to one, his eldeft fon ; the rest of the children have only the cafual provifion which the father may have been able to make out of his revenue, accumuClated into what is called personal estate. This is equally repugnant to humanity and policy. 2. Different parishes are alfo unequally taxed. In towns where large manufactures are carried on, the center is inhabited by wealthy people, the skirts by the poor; the rates therefore fall heavy on the indigent, and light on the rich, yet the rich are D the caufe of the multiplicity of the poor, and the parishes, therefore, in which they live themfelves, should be at leaft rated equally with the parishes in which the poor which they bring to the town refide. In fome parimes in London the poor's rate is but a groat in the pound, and in others it is four fhillings, with this aggravation, that E the parishes which pay the groat consist of opulent inhabitants, and those which pay the four fhillings, of those which are comparatively neceffitous. 3. Notwithstanding the largeness of the fums collected for the poor, the poor are not properly provided for. Workhoufes are places where it is lefs eligible to live than to die in the ftreet: Hundreds of poor wretches of both fexes and all ages, are promifcuoufly huddled together, lying three or four in a bed, and provided with fuch food as may be expected when they are farmed at fo much a head, by a perfon who among many candidates engaged to feed them at the lowest rate, and who thinks only how he can make the most advantage of his bargain. While this is the cafe, all laws against vagabonds must neceffarily be ineffectual, because they can be enforced by no punishment that the poor will not racher fuffer than obey them. 4. The evils complained of with refpect to the poor can never be removed effectually and radically by making any other provilion for them, which has been all that has F G H All these excluded children confider themselves as in the fame rank of life with the heir, they will therefore pertinaciously fuffer all the evils of fplendid poverty, rather than gain the conveniencies of life in a lower class. Here, then, is the fource of one class of poor, a dead weight upon the community. 7. The heir, instead of living hospitably upon his eftate in the country, and employing his neighbours, takes a houfe a mong the new buildings in London, whither many of his dependants follow him, who become another fource of idle poor, 8. The diffipated town-life of perfons who have large eftates in land, induces them to accumulate their fmall farms inte one large one. This produces a monopoly of the neceffaries of life, and leaves alfo many hands unemployed. This, therefore, is another fource of idle poor. 9. Landed eftates defcending to one of many children, produces a number of ar tifans more than in proportion to the quantity of commodities to be wrought, and a greater number of traders than the quantity of goods to be transferred will maintain. This in conjunction with the mono poly of farms is the great fource of the pa. verty in queftion. By monopolizing farms, the neceffaries of life come into few hands, and confequently become dear; the great number of people forced into manufactures at the fame time renders labour cheap; the manufacturer, therefore, cannot live by his labour, and thus becomes a burden to the community. 10. The fame cause produces other evils. It becomes the great aim of all manufacturers to dispatch the greatefl'quantity of work |