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fifty-five per cent, and this in the face of a gradually diminishing Tariff; whereas no sooner was the duty taken off than they were obliged to succumb, and the price immediately shot up far above its original figure. Nor is this an isolated instance. In the article of manufactured Steel, we have made large reductions in the price of the British article in this country by our wise legislation on the Tariff. The idea is hooted at by free-traders that English manufacturers should send their goods to this country and sell them for less money than they obtain for them in their own country; but this is perfectly intelligible when we realize that their home market is flooded with their manufactures, and that some outlet must be found for them, and it is an undeniable fact that goods for the American market are invoiced and sold at prices lower than the average at the place of production. And it would indeed. be strange if British manufacturers who are engaged in making wares expressly for our market did not feel the competition of our own manufacturers.

Our great need, then, is a Tariff carefully revised by men thoroughly conversant with each and every article of essential importance, in order that the duty may be in proportion to the needs of the manufacturer and the popularity and standing in the market of the foreign article.

The present Tariff is a very poor one in this particular, extravagant rates of duty being levied on some articles in which home competition is impracticable, and others being allowed to slip through at a mere nominal tax, which should pay heavy imposts.

These, then, are the grounds I take for demanding a stringently protective Tariff: 1. Its gradual but sure tendency to cheaper prices and effectually destroy a large and growing monopoly. 2. Its direct tendency to enlarge and build up home trade and home enterprize with incalculable rapidity, thereby ensuring our national prosperity, and 3. The incentives which it cannot fail to arouse in our people to learn, so far as possible, to depend upon themselves; not to be content quietly to sit down with folded hands and allow ourselves to be outstripped in mechanics and the arts by other nations, and content ourselves with the poor lot of consumers, pure and simple.

"Excelsior" quotes a paragraph from a Newburyport (Mass.) newspaper, to show that a mill in that town" has just divided ten per cent. for six months' earnings, and reserved eighteen per cent. for improved machinery." We are glad to know that there are instances of this kind, and God speed the day when they shall become the rule and not the exception, for then we shall be on a sure high road to national (and individual) prosperity and the vexed "Tariff question" will be settled. Meantime, as there is no act of Congress to the contrary, I would respectfully suggest that "Excelsior" and those of his friends who share his views in this matter, sell their farms and other high-taxed and unremunerative possessions, and invest the proceeds in Mills of this description; having thus invested their treasure, they may then find it possible for their hearts and voices to follow and sustain it.

AMERICUS.

WE

A FRIENDLY NUDGE.

E confess to an increasing respect for conservatives. Having, in younger days, proudly classed ourselves with the despised agitators, we were bitter with them against the men who "were just as anti-slavery as you, but"— We were grieved that men of mind and culture should so perversely hold themselves aloof from reform movements, and felt that this little word but, represented an unpardonable delinquency. Our blood is somewhat cooler now, and we begin to realize the possibility of the world's going right without our "gee." We do not mean to admit that we are ourselves growing conservative in the usual acceptance of the word. We do not mean that we wish to belong to the class, whose continual attitude is that of "let us alone;" or that we would conserve a thought or an institution, simply because it has been long recognized or established. But every year of our life we are growing more and more to sympathize with those who shrink from the clamor and outcry of reform. The love of quiet, and of peace, usually grows with gray hairs and advancing years, though we must admit that whatever of these qualities inhere with us are somewhat premature, no grey hairs having yet graced our head.

Reformers, in their attempts to be heard above the commotion of pleasure and business, shout themselves hoarse, while the philosopher is content to be still and see the work of the Lord.

To be sure, politicians find noise an element of power in the party meeting, and sometimes carry an election by mere force of vigorous shouting. But reformers should be something more than politicians; they should feel the necessity of something more than surface reform.

The use of political machinery, in matters of reform, is, at the best, a choice of evils, a questionable instrumentality for the promotion of good. In the hands of those unused to its workings, it is apt to prove a two-edged sword, as dangerous to the one who wields it as to his antagonist.

So it too often happens that a noble and worthy cause is injured by the violent and injudicious efforts of those who desire to be its friends, and such we cannot help feeling to be the case, with the history of the woman question in Kansas during the past few months. We fear that the instrumentality by which its adherents have sought to further it, will, in spite of the boasted seven thous and ballots, yet give it a secret stab, which will be weary months in healing.

"A word fitly spoken," we prize above all things, but ideas have a progressive force, and push themselves forward through the ages, in spite of obstacles. We believe in quiet work, but whenever a good word can help along the truth, let no considerations of personal ease hinder us from doing all in our power to send it rejoicing on its way.

THE FRIEND.

VOL. 111.-JANUARY, 1868.- NO. 26.

EGYPT'S PLACE IN UNIVERSAL HISTORY.

An Historical Investigation, in 5 volumes. By C. C. I. BARON BUNSEN, D.Ph., D.C.L., and D.D. Translated from the German by CHARLES H. COTtrell, Esq., M.A., with additions by SAMUEL BIRCH, L.L.D. Vol. 5.-London: LONGMANS, GREEN & Co. 1867.

THE PENTATEUCH.

I

N some portions of this book, God is called Elohim, with the verb in the singular. It might be rendered as an abstraction, "God-head." In others he is designated as Jahveh-pronounced Jahovah, improperly, by throwing into it the vowels of the word Adonai (Lord), usually written beneath it, to show that it was unpronounceable, thus: J. H. V. H.

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Tuch shows that the Elohim is a connected story, to which the Jewish Jehovist adds his scraps of tradition, thinking to fill a gap.

1st. We have in it the earliest Registers or Pedigrees.

2d. Brief memoranda attached to them.

3d. Songs commemorative of great events.
4th. Detailed stories.

In Genesis, then, under the first head, we have to compare two entirely different registers.

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In the oldest record God is called Jahveh Elohim. Aramea. In the later, he is called Seth or Set, and man is called Enos. This is the tradition of Phoenicia. The Aramean tradition does not come down to the time of the flood, or, rather, has no necessity to deal with it, since it does not follow the descendants of Lamech. The other includes it, and tells of the house of Noah. At Iconium, in Asia Minor, Hanokh the father of Lamech is said to have predicted the flood, but no one would listen. Of the three races, Ham or Cham-Chem means the dark; Sem the glowingfrom whom came Adam or Edom the red, whence Phoenician, also the red. Japhet was the fair. Of purely mythical names, we have in the Bible accounts, Set, Enos, Adam, Havvah, the Life-Giving, and Abel, the Vanishing. Quain is the type of those who bear arms and cultivate the soil. Nod is flight; Cain, Nad or the fugitive. Hanokh means "taught of God."

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A life of 365 years, seems to indicate a mythical character. Hirad means "citizen." Ma-hu-ya-el, struck of God." Metusael, "Man of God." Lamech, the "Robber." Hadah, "Beauty," and Zillah, a "Shadow." The man of God stands between Cain the Marauder and Ired, "Builder of cities."

CONCLUSIONS.

I. The order of Gods, Semitic, Egyptian and Greek, are identical.

II. They belong to primeval conceptions.

III. The Biblical story is the only one free from great monstrosity.

IV. In that is the Ideal element of one God, restored by Abram. The historic element consists of primitive Aramaic recollections.

V. The historic record does not at first refer to men, but to certain epochs or changes of residence, of which the record had descended, but was not understood.

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The key to this restoration was given us by the Mosaic author, when he put the two registers in juxtaposition.

Till the time of Joel, there was no tampering with this record. First came changes in the Samaritan, then the Septuagint, then Eusebius altered it to produce ecclesiastical conformity. Then came the two monks, Byzantines, Amianas and Panodorus, with schemes of reduction.

AN APPROXIMATION TO EPOCHS ON BUNSEN'S PLAN.

The rule of Seth, 912 years; Adam, 930 years; Enos, 905 years. Of course these periods are set aside as mythical. Seth is a God, Adam and Enos, equally represent the first man.

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