are in the gift of the king, the bishops, the two universities, the cathedrals, the nobility, gentry, &c.* The revenues of the church are considered by some as very considerable; but, according to the great Lord Chatham, they are "but a pittance." The present income of the sees and livings, and of the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge (which are the nurseries of the church), are supposed to amount to nearly 3,000,000l. per annum ; and this arises chiefly from the tithes, the value of which increases with the improvement of lands. The number of the Established Clergy, of all ranks and orders, is about 18,000. They are all seculars. They do not form a distinct body from their fellow-subjects: they are amenable to the same laws, they pay the same contribution to taxes, and they suffer the same punishment for crimes. The property which they possess as clergymen, from the bishop to the curate, is the salary of an office, and the succession to it is open to any family in the kingdom.

EMINENT MEN, AND AUTHORS FOR AND AGAINST.

On this head, it is less difficult to know where to begin than where to end; for, after all that I can say, much will remain to be said, so many has this United Church produced, who have been "famous in their generation, men of renown." The Church of England has been styled the "Bulwark of the Reformation," and that justly; for, almost from the days of Wickliffe to the present time, she has all along equally supported the Protestant cause, and opposed "all false doctrine, heresy, and schism." She has produced a succession of divines, more in number, and greater in point of natural abilities and professional acquirements, than any other church whatsoever. The sermons of her bishops and clergy will be read and admired, while sound judgment, solid reasoning, and orthodox divinity shall be held in due repute. And, while some

of the bishops, &c. &c. The Archbishop of Dublin presents to 144 livings, the Bishop of Ferns to 171, the Bishop of Cloyne to 106, and the Bishop of Kildare to 131.

By the fifth Article of the Union, the United Church is the only church recognised in Ireland; yet her members there are comparatively few, not being supposed to exceed 400,000, whereas her revenues are inmense: so that there may perhaps be some room for a new order of things in that branch of the United Church; but "sorry should we be, were a rashly innovating hand laid upon the venerable hierarchy of England."-Dr. Chalmers.

For a list of the patrons, present incumbents, &c. of all the benefices and chapelries in England and Wales, see "the Clerical Guide, or Eccles. Directory," second edition, 1822.

Roman Catholics cannot present to church livings, but Jews may.

of her sons have ably and fully answered every objection that has been made to Christianity, others of them have cleared up and elucidated all its evidences, in such a way, as it should seem that no other objections could be made, and that the great Head of the Church were making use of the members of this United Church as instruments in his hands, for fulfilling his prophecy respecting his religion," that the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."

None have paid greater attention to the practical duties of our religion, or given clearer or more accurate descriptions of moral obligation. Nor is there, perhaps, any department in theology, in which her servants have not distinguished themselves; or any branches of study connected with it, to which some, even of her laity, have not applied, and in which they have not excelled.

Our British divines have not, indeed, excelled so much in systematic divinity, as those of Germany and Holland have done; yet they have not been less eager or successful in their endeavours to establish the truth, and illustrate the doctrines of Christianity. And of the members of this church in particular, it may perhaps be said, that they have discussed the most difficult points of theology, and illustrated particular doctrines, with more strength of argument, and greater perspicuity of language, than are to be met with in the writings of the divines of any other church or nation. In proof of this, I might mention the works of hundreds; but the sermons preached at Boyle's Lecture, and collected in three volumes folio, together with the Collection of Tracts against Popery, also in three volumes folio, render every other argument in support of the observation wholly unnecessary *.

The labours which have disclosed the accomplishment of prophecy, which have vindicated the truth of miracles, and brought forward the beauty and consistency of revealed doctrines, have inscribed their deductions on monuments that can fall but with the decay of science, and be buried only in the general ruins of literature and knowledge +."

Nor have the members of this church been more eminent for solid learning, than for true piety and sterling virtue, and all those more valuable qualities, with a view to which the church of Christ was established upon earth, and which only will retain their value in the church triumphant in heaven.

According to the late Bishop Gibson for both these Collections. + Gray's "Bamp. Lect." p. 78.

Watson, we are indebted to Bishop
See above, p. 293.

Fervent piety, Christian zeal, active benevolence, and practical virtue, though less dazzling in the eyes of the world, are so much the more valuable than the highest literary attainments, in that they are more durable; for "whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away;" and so much the more profitable, in that, though they cannot boast of the same degree of the honour that cometh from man, they have equally the promise of the happiness that now is, and they lead more directly to that which is to come.

In every age, the different branches of the now United Church have exhibited such "burning and shining lights," as will be had "in everlasting remembrance;" and many, doubtless multitudes, have for a season rejoiced in the light of others, whose names may have never reached beyond the sphere of their own usefulness, whose virtues have never been recorded, or whose memories are forgotten. And that in this age, and at the present day, she is less favoured in this respect than at any former period, those only will be disposed to maintain, who, having eyes, will not see, or, having ears, will not hear for, notwithstanding many of her sons and servants may have no very great pretensions to piety, and some of them as little to learning, she can yet boast of those in all ranks and orders, from the prelate on the bench to the village curate, who are eminently distinguished for both the one and the other. She may also boast of men, neither ignorant nor unlearned, who labour in her service with ardent zeal, with unwearied diligence, with scrupulous fidelity, and with various success-of men, in short, who, preaching the word, are "instant in season, out of season,' and whose zeal is according to knowledge, and without innovation.

Among the men who have been eminent in their day and generation, and have from time to time adorned their respective branches of the now United Church, many of whom have been not less distinguished for piety than for learning, may be ranked Archbishops Cranmer, Brown*, Bramhall*, Usher*, Laud, Sancroft, Wake, Tillotson, Potter, Secker, &c.;-Bishops Ridley, Latimer, Jewell, Andrews, Taylor*, Reynolds, Sparrow, Wilkins, Hopkins, Hall, Beveridge, Bedell, Patrick, Burnet, Bull, Pearson, Stillingfleet, Gastrell, Kenn, Kidder, Walton, Gibson, Butler, Berkley*, Wilson, Sherlock, Warburton, Newton, Lowth, Hurd, Horne, Horsley, Watson, &c. ;-Deans Prideaux, Stanhope, Sherlock, Tucker, &c.;-Drs. Bentley, Barrow, Berriman, * The names to which an asterisk is subjoined were of the Church of Ireland.

Bennet, Cave, Comber, Cudworth, Ellis*, Hammond, Heylin, Hicks, Jackson, Jenkins, Clarke, Grabe, Jortin, Kennicott, Lightfoot, Mills, Brett, Pococke, South, Stebbing, Trapp, Waterland, Whitby, Paley, &c.;-Messrs. Nowel, Hooker, Leslie *, Chillingworth, Wheatley, Jones, Milner. And of laymen-Lords Bacon, Nottingham, Barrington, Littleton, &c.; the Honourable Robert Boyle; Sir Matthew Hale; Sir Isaac Newton; Dr. Samuel Johnson; Messrs. Addison, Locke, Dodwell, Nelson, West, Bryant, Sharpe, &c. Of these the following have written in defence of the Church of England against that of Rome:-Bishop Jewell, in his "Apology," and his "Defence" of it; Archbishop Usher, in his Answer to the Jesuit's Challenge; " Archbishop Laud, against Fisher; Bishop Bull, in his "Vindication of the Church of England from the Errors of the Church of Rome;" Dr. Heylin, in his " Ecclesia Vindicata, or Church of England Justified;" Dr. Bennet, in his "Confutation of Popery;" Dr. Trapp, in his " Church of England defended against the Calumnies and false Reasonings of the Church of Rome; "-as have also Bishop Burgess, in his "Tracts," &c.; and Dr. (now Bishop) Marsh, in his "Comparative View of the Churches of England and Rome," &c.

Against the Dissenters-Hooker, in his "Ecclesiastical Polity;" Dr. Nicholls, in his " Defence of the Doctrine and Discipline of the Church of England;" Leslie, in his “ Rehearsals," &c.; Bishop Sherlock, in his "Vindication of the Corporation and Test Act;" Bishop Hall, and Dr. Brett, in their "Divine Right of Episcopacy;" Bishop Taylor, in his "Defence of Episcopacy;" Archbishop King, in his "Inventions of Men in the Worship of God;" Bishop Stillingfleet, in his "Unreasonableness of Separation;" the Authors of "the London Cases," &c.

On the other side, the Church of England has been attacked by several Papists, particularly by the Jesuits-Harding, in his "Controversy" with Bishop Jewell; Fisher, in his "Conference" with Archbishop Laud; and Malone, in "the Jesuit's Challenge." And by the Dissenters, directly or indirectly, in Neal's "History of the Puritans;" Towgood's Letter to White," and his "Dissent Justified;" Dr. Gill's "Dissenter's Reasons for separating from the Church of England;" and, I may add, in "the Protestant Dissenter's Catechism," a work which, I humbly think, reflects no credit on the author, whoever he was, or on those societies whose principles it is meant to support.

THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN SCOTLAND, AND SCOTTISH EPISCOPALIANS.

HISTORY.

THE Society of Christians which forms the subject of this article, is not one of those novel sects whose first appearance and distinguishing tenets are only of yesterday, but the venerable remains of what was formerly the established Protestant Church of Scotland-a society which has now subsisted, with but little intermission, for upwards of two centuries, as a regularly constituted Protestant Episcopal Church, though at different times very differently circumstanced in regard to external privileges and enjoyments. Nor does it dissent from the Church now by law Established, on frivolous pretences, like some other societies of professing Christians around it; but on such grounds of doctrine, worship, and government, that, without a wide dereliction of principle on the one part or the other, there can be no spiritual union or communion between them. It however holds communion with the more flourishing and distinguished branch of the catholic church just considered, and also with the Episcopal church in America, with both of which it is spiritually connected, having extended to the latter the same friendly aid, that was repeatedly transmitted to itself by the former. But, renouncing all jurisdiction over the church that it assisted in organizing, and being exempt from the authority of the church through whose friendly aid this church was herself duly and canonically organized, her members are united, in all matters of ecclesiastical concern, under the regular successors of those Scottish bishops who, in consequence of their adherence to the family of Stuart at the Revolution in 1688, were deprived of their temporal honours and privileges, but still continued to exercise their spiritual powers, for the benefit of that part of the church of Christ which had been committed to their charge.

The title of Nonjurors, by which they were chiefly known for about a century from the above era, and which was imposed on all those, both in Britain and Ireland, who refused to swear allegiance to King William and Queen Mary, and their successors, is now very justly dropt, the occasion of it