The order was never conferred upon any one who had not done great services to the republic; and those invested with it, bore upon their own paternal coat an escutcheon of pretence or, charged with a winged lion gules, and surrounded the shield with a fillet, bearing the motto, Pax, tibi, Marce, Evangelista meus.

The ceremony of creating these knights was much the same as knights bachelors, being dubbed with a sword, and their title a mark of honour only, having no revenue assigned to them; nor were they under any particular obligations or vows, like many other orders of knightbood.

The honour was conferred by the doge and by the senate: absent persons were invested by letters patent, and styled Knights of St. Mark.

ST. MARY, or DES FRERES DE LA JUBILATION, in Italy, founded by Bartholomew, Bishop of Vicenza, in 1233, to arrest the disorders of the Guelphes and the Gibelins, and to support the interests of religion and the state. This religious and military order followed the rules of St. Augustine, and possessed rich commanderies in Italy. The knights became prodigal of their fortunes, relaxed in their duties, and led such dissolute lives, that they acquired the appellation of Fratres Guadentes. The order was abolished upon the death of Camille Volta. The badge was, an eight-pointed cross, enamelled blue; and upon an oval centre, rayonnée, of gold, the figure of the Virgin and Child. See Pl. 10, fig. 19. ST. MARY THE GLORIOUS, an order proposed by JohnBaptist Pedro and Bernardo Petigna to Pope Paul V. who approved of it in 1618. Its object was the suppression of the Barbary corsairs infesting the Mediterranean; and in order to enable the knights to effect it more speedily, the pope gave them the command of his gallies, assigned to them the town and harbour of Civita Vecchia, and bestowed upon them the palace and convent of St. John of Lateran.

The badge, which was worn upon the left side of their mantles, was a cross flory of blue satin, embroidered with silver, and bordered with gold, having in the middle the letters SM, interlaced, ensigned with a celestial crown, and encircled with a fillet, inscribed In hoc signo vincam : between the principal angles of the cross, twelve rays, in allusion to the twelve apostles: and upon each arm a star, for the four evangelists. See Pl. 10, fig. 18. ST. MAURICE, in Savoy, instituted by Amadeus VIII. Comte of Savoy, in whose favour that state was erected into a duchy. Being disgusted with the world, after the death of his consort, Mary of Burgundy, he retired to Ripaille, where he formed the design of founding a knightly confraternity, and becoming the superior, or grand master, and choosing six geutlemen of his own age, who had borne part in most of the important affairs of the state, he created them knights of this order.

The place destined for their retreat, was to be a hermitage, which he had resolved to build at Ripaille, near the hermits of St. Augustine, who were to be their spiritual directors; and St. Maurice being the patron of Savoy, he ordained that the order should bear his name.

The habit was a long robe of grey cloth, with a hood of the same, similar to the dress of the ancient hermits. The girdle was of gold, and the cap, and sleeves of the cassock were of red camlet; upon the mantle was a cross pommettée of white taffeta; and from the neck was sus

pended a gold cross botonuée, as the badge of the order. The knights were at first limited to six, and a dean, who had their separate lodgings, and each apartment had a tower, that of the dean being more elevated than the rest. They were to suffer their hair and beards to grow long, and to carry a knotted staff of a twisted form, such as pilgrims were wont to use. One day of the week was devoted to solitude, and the rest to state affairs; and the knights were obliged to observe the rule of chastity.

The houses being built, and the revenues provided (which amounted only to two hundred florins of gold for each knight, and six hundred for the dean) the duke resigned the government of his states to his son Prince Louis, and retiring to his pavilion, accompanied by his six knights, the next day, in the church of his convent of Ripaille, he, together with them, took the habit of a hermit from the hands of the prior. This prince, some years afterwards, when the Fathers of the Council of Basil had deposed Eugenius IV. was elected pope, by the name of Felix V. The order became nearly extinct, but was revived in 1572, by Duke Philibert Emanuel, who obtained from Pope Gregory XIII. the incorporation of the order St. Lazarus, of which he was grand master, with that of St. Maurice. Upon which union, the crosses of each were blended together, and the badge, formed of a cross pommettée argent, upon a cross of eight points vert, equally disposed in the four angles; and when Victor Amadeus became King of the two Sicilies, the badge was surmounted by a regal diadem, from the top of which it is suspended by a ring. See Pl. 11, fig. 17.

The order was abolished during the re-union of Savoy with France; but it is now a civil and military order, composed of two classes, viz. grand crosses and knights; and for admission, proof must be made of ten descents of nobility; and before obtaining the rank of grand cross, it is necessery to be a knight. The members of the order take an oath of obedience to the grand master, and of chastity. The badge is attached to a green ribbon, and worn by the grand crosses round the neck; and by the knights from the button-hole.

The officers are, a grand conservator, grand hospitaler, auditor, secretary, fiscal, and herald of arms.

The mantles of ceremony are, a carnation-coloured taffeta, trimmed with tufts of green and white silk, and the lining is also white. The knights likewise wear a cassock of carnation-coloured damask, upon the front and back of which are embroidered, the united crosses of both orders; but the general uniform is green. ST. MICHAEL, an order of France, instituted at Amboise, in 1469, by Louis XI. At the foundation, the king was grand master, and the number of knights thirty-six. It was held in estimation for about a century, but fell into disrepute, from the easy way in which it was acquired, in the reigns of Charles IX. and Henry III. In 1665, Louis XIV. fixed the number of knights at one hundred ; and at present the order of St. Michael is generally given to subjects of France, distinguished for literature, arts, and sciences, and for inventions and discoveries useful to the state. By ordonnance of the 16th November, 1816, persons desirous of obtaining this order are to apply to the minister of the royal household, who makes his report to the king of such as are eligible for admission.

The badge is, an eight-pointed cross, with balls upon the extremities, and a fleur-de-lis between each of the

principal angles, all of gold, the limbs of the cross bordered with white enamel; upon an oval centre azure, is St. Michael trampling on the dragon. See Pl. 11, fig. 19. The badge is suspended by a ring from a black watered ribbon, and worn scarfways from right to left; but it is generally attached to the button-hole on the left side of the habit.

There is also a grand collar, which is worn on particular occasions, composed of escallop-shells, connected or linked together with round cords of gold, twisted in a peculiar manner; and to which collar is suspended a medallion of the same metal, upon which is represented, in enamel, St. Michael trampling upon the dragon. See Pl. 11, fig. 20.

The mantle was of white damask, bordered all round with embroidery in gold and colours, representing the collar of the order, and lined with ermine. The chape. ron was of crimson velvet, embroidered like the mantle, under which the knights wore a short coat of crimson velvet.

The King of France is still grand master of this order, but from the little consideration in which it is held, he never officiates as such in person, but deputes some nobleman, who is a knight of the Holy Ghost, to act as his representative.

ST. MICHAEL, of Bavaria, instituted in 1693, by JamesClement, Duke of Bavaria, and Elector of Cologne. In 1777, the Elector Charles-Theodore named his nephew, Charles, Duke of Deux-Pont, grand master. King Maximilian Joseph confirmed this order in 1812. The king is chief, and the grand master a prince of Bavaria.

The order is composed of grand crosses, (who form the chapter) officers, knights, and honorary knights. To obtain the three first classes, it is necessary to prove nobility. The members of the order assemble annually in the church of St. Michael, at Munich.

The badge is, a golden cross pattée, enamelled blue, with flames and lightning, in gold, issuant between the principal angles; upon a circular centre, is St. Michael trampling upon the dragon; over the cross is an archducal crown, from the top of which it is suspended by a ring, from a broad blue watered ribbon. See Pl. 12, fig. 4. It is worn scarfways from right to left by the grand crosses. The officers suspend it from the neck; and the knights from the button-hole. The grand crosses also wear, on the left side, a star of gold, formed like the badge, the limbs of the cross chequy; and upon the centre, which is circular, the words, Quis ut Deus. See Pl. 12. fig. 1.

Mr. MICHAEL, in Germany, an Austrian order, instituted at Mantua in 1618, and in the following year received at Vienna. It was confirmed by Pope Urban VIII. in 1624, but it soon fell into disuse. The badge, or ensign was, a cross of eight points, embroidered with blue silk and gold on the left side of the mantle: in the middle of it was the figure of the Virgin Mary, with Christ on her left arm, and a sceptre in her right hand, crowned with twelve stars, surrounded with rays of the sun, and a erescent under her feet. See Pl. 14, fig. 13.

S MICHAEL and ST. GEORGE, of the Ionian Islands, instituted by his present majesty George IV. of England, when prince regent, 27th April, 1818, by letters patent, under the great seal of the United States of the Ionian Islands and for Malta,

Extracts from the Statutes of the Order.

1. The sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, being the protector of the United States of the Ionian Islands, Sovereign of Malta, &c. is sovereign of the most distinguished order of St. Michael and St. George.

2. That the lord high commissioner of the United States of the Ionian Islands is grand master of the said order for the time being.

3. That the order shall consist of three classes: first, knights grand crosses, to consist of eight, including the grand master; second, knights commanders, to consist of twelve; third, knights, to consist of twenty-four.

4. That every person, to be admitted a member of this order, must be born in the said United States of the Ionian Islands, or in the Island of Malta, or its dependencies, of noble birth, or distinguished for great merit, virtue, or loyalty. It is, however, reserved to his majesty to nominate born subjects of Great Britain and Ireland, who may not have been born in the Island of Malta, but who shall have held situations of the highest trust in the states of the Ionian Islands, or in the Island of Malta, or who shall have been employed in his majesty's naval or military service in the Mediterranean.

5. The naval commander-in-chief, in the Mediterranean, for the time being, first and principal grand cross of this order.

The star is formed of silver rays, every sixth and eighth being double, and somewhat longer than the others, with a single one of gold between them, the five intermediate rays shortening towards the middle one. This star is surmounted by a large red cross of St. George, extending nearly to the extremities, edged with gold; upon the centre of which, in a circular compartment, is the figure of St. Michael overcoming and trampling upon Satan, holding in his right hand a flaming sword, and chains in his left, by which the fiend lies bound beneath the angel's feet, all in proper colours: around the device is a blue fillet, edged with and having an outer ornamental border of gold, upon which is inscribed, in letters of the same metal, Auspicium melioris Evi. See Pl. 13, fig. 2 and 3; Badge, Pl. 13, fig. 1; and Collar, Pl. 13, fig. 6. ST. MICHAEL, WING OF. See WING OF ST. MICHAEL. ST. NICHOLAS, a Neapolitan order, founded in 1382, by Charles III. King of Naples, at the coronation of his wife Margaret. It was also called the order of the Ship, or Argonauts of St. Nicholas. The number of knights was limited to three hundred; but the order was abolished in 1386, at the death of the founder, who had not provided any revenue for its support.

The badge of the order was, a ship in a storm, with the motto, Non credo tempori. The habit was a white garment; and the grand feast was held in the convent of the church built by St. Nicholas, Bishop of Smyrna. ST. PATRICK. This most illustrious order was instituted by his late majesty George III. King of Great Britain, 5th February, 1783. It is composed of the sovereign, a grand master, a prince of the blood royal, and fifteen knights, making in the whole eighteen members of the order, and seven officers. The Lord-Lieutenant or Viceroy of Ireland, for the time being, is grand master. The officers of the order are, the Lord Primate the Archbishop of Armagh, prelate; the Archbishop of Dublin, chancellor; the Dean of St. Patrick, registrar; a secretary; a genealogist; an usher of the black rod; Ulster king of

arms; and Athlone pursuivant of arms, attendant upon the order. The knights have each three esquires, and are installed in the cathedral of St. Patrick, in Dublin, with great ceremony.

The star is of silver embroidery, with eight points, or rays, the four central being somewhat longer than the angular ones; upon a circular centre argent, a cross saltier gules, surmounted by a trefoil or shamrock, slipped, proper, each leaf charged with an imperial crown or, within a circle or fillet of gold, inscribed with the motto, Quis seperabit? (Who shall separate us?) MDCCLXXXIII. all within a wreath of shamrock, and worn npon the left side of the coat or cloak. See Pl. 15, fig. 7.

The collar is of pure gold, composed of six harps and five roses, joined alternately by twelve knots; in the centre is a crown, and pendent thereto by a harp is the badge, or jewel of the order, of an oval form, enamelled similar to the device in the centre of the star. See Pl. 15, fig. 7. The badge is likewise worn pendent from a light blue ribbon scarfways over the right shoulder.

Ceremonial of the first Investiture of the knights of this Order, which took place at Dublin Castle, 11 March, 1783, that day having been appointed for the ceremony by Earl Temple, then Lord Lieutenant, the noblemen named in his Majesty's letter to be Knights Companions of the Order, having been summoned to attend, in order to be invested with the ensigns thereof, previous to their Installation.

Being assembled in the presence-chamber, a procession was made from thence to the great ball-room, as follows. Pursuivants,

and Officers attending the state. Peers named in the King's letter, viz.—

Earls

On their arrival in the great ball-room, the different persons composing the procession proceeded to the places assigned them; and his excellency being covered, and seated in the chair of state, Ulster king of arms presented to him his majesty's letter, which his excellency delivered to the right honourable John Hely Hutchinson, secretary of state, who read the same aloud, during which time his excellency and the assembly remained standing and uncovered. His excellency being again seated, Ulster presented to him the blue ribbon and badge of grand master, with which his excellency invested himself. His excellency then signified his majesty's pleasure, that the great ball-room should be styled the Hall of St. Patrick, which was done by proclamation made by the king of arms, at the sound of trumpets, and with the usual formalities; after which,

His excellency directed the king of arms and usher of the black rod, to introduce his grace the Lord Archbishop of Dublin, to whom the secretary of state administered the oath, as chancellor of the order; and his grace kneeling, was invested by the grand master with the proper badge, and received from his excellency's hands the purse containing the seals.

The Dean of St. Patrick was then introduced, to whom the oath of registrar of the order was administered by the chancellor; and he was, in like manner, invested by his excellency, who delivered to him the statutes and register of the order. Lord Delvin was next introduced, and, having taken the oath, was invested as secretary; and in like manner, Charles Henry Coote, Esq. as genealogist, John Freemantle, Esq. as Usher, and William Hawkins, Esq. as king of arms of the said order, (the oath being first administered to them by the chancellor) were severally invested by the grand master.

His excellency then signified his majesty's pleasure, that, in consideration of the tender age of Prince Edward, his royal highness should be invested in England, and that his majesty's dispensation for that purpose should be entered upon the register of the order; and in consequence of his majesty's direction, the Lord Baron Muskerry was knighted, and declared proxy to his royal highness Prince Edward.

His excellency then directed that his grace the Duke of Leinster should be called in; and as, by the statutes of the order, none but a knight can be elected or invested, his grace, being introduced by the usher and the king of arms, was knighted by his excellency with the sword of state, and immediately delivered to the genealogist the proofs of blood required by the statutes, whereupon the oaths were administered by the chancellor, and his grace kneeling, was invested, by the grand master, with the ribbon and badge. His grace then joined the procession, to introduce the Earl of Clanricarde, who, being sworn, was invested in like manner, and both knights joined the procession to bring in the Earl of Westmeath; after which the two junior knights performed this duty, and the senior knight took his seat as companion of the order. The Earls of Inchiquin, Drogheda, Tyrone, Shannon, Clanbrassil, Mornington, Courtoun, Charlemont, and Bective, being severally introduced by the two junior knights, were each of them sworn by the chancellor, and invested by the grand master, and took their seats as knights companions.

The ceremony of investiture being ended, his majesty's

Towards the end of the first course, when his excellency stood up uncovered, the knights rose uncovered, and the king of arms proclaimed by the sound of a trumpet, that the grand master and knights companions of the most illustrious order cf St. Patrick drank the sovereign's health. The second course was then brought in, with the usual ceremonies; after which his excellency again stood up, and the knights uncovered, Ulster again proclaimed that the grand master, in the name of the sovereign, drank the healths of the knights companions. And at the end of the second course, all rising again uncovered, the queen's health was drank and proclaimed in the same manner. The dessert was then brought in ; during which the officers of arms, with the usual reverences, cried largesse thrice, and first proclaimed the style of the sovereign, and afterwards of each knight companion, who successively stood up during the said proclamation. After which the knights, esquires, and officers attended the grand master to the presence-chamber, where the ceremony finished; and the esquires and officers retired to the dinuer prepared for them. SAINTS PETER AND PAUL. The order of St. Peter was first instituted at Rome, in 1520, by Pope Leo X. to defend the sea-coasts of his territories against the ravages of the Turks. The number of knights was limited to four hundred, and they wore a gold medallion, with the image of St. Peter, peudent to a gold chain.

In 1534, or 1540, Pope Paul III. iustituted the order of St. Paul, which was uuited to that of St. Peter. After this uniou, the knights wore three gold chains; and on one side of the medallion, pendent thereto, was the image of St. Paul, and on the other, that of St. Peter, enamelled in proper colours. See Pl. 11, fig. 18.

ST. REMI. See HOLY PHIAL.

ST. RUPERT, a German order, instituted in 1701, by John Ernest-Louis De Thun, Archbishop of Saltzburg, in Bavaria, in honour of St. Rupert, the first bishop of that city, and to perpetuate the memory of the treaty of Carlowitz.

The Emperor Leopold I. confirmed this order, and endowed it with a revenue of twelve thousand crowns. The knights were selected from amongst the most illustrious of the nobility.

Upon the 15th of November, 1701, the prince-archbishop, in consequence of such confirmation by the emperor, chose twelve illustrious personages, and held a chapter in the church of the Holy Trinity, where, with great pomp, he invested each kuight with the ensigns of the order, the ceremony concluding with a magnificent banquet.

The order was limited to twelve commanders, and as many knights; and the badge, which is suspended from the neck by a dark crimson ribbon, edged with black, is, a cross of eight points, enamelled white: upon a circular centre azure, the image of St. Rupert, holding up the right hand, and supporting with the left a crosier; a mitre upon his head. See Pl. 11, fig, 21. On the centre, upon the reverse, are the initials J. E. surmounted with a prince's cap or crown.

The commanders likewise wear a rich gold star upon the left side of their usual habit; it is nearly of the same form as the badge, embroidered in spangles, with the initials J. E. in gold, upon a sky-blue escutcheon in the

Each commander enjoys a prebend to the annual amount of two hundred pounds sterling; and this order is considered one of the most honourable of the empire. ST. SAMPSON, of Constantinople and of Corinth, an order but little known, excepting it was united in 1308 to that of St. John of Jerusalem.

ST. SAVIOUR, a Spanish order, instituted about the year 1118, or 1120, by Alphonsa I. King of Arragon, for the purpose of expelling the Moors from his dominions. These knights, for their good services, were established in the room of the Templars, who had been abolished. Their reformed statutes somewhat resembled those of the order which they replaced.

The badge of the order was, originally, a representation of God the Father, habited in papal vestments, and a triple crown upon his head. After the reform of the order, this badge was laid aside, and they wore, pendent at the breast, from a red ribbon, a cross moline of gold, enamelled gules, which, on days of ceremony, was attached to a collar, composed of three rows of chains of gold. The badge was likewise embroidered on a white garment. Some years after the expulsion of the Moors, the revenues of the order were annexed to the crown, and it continued to flourish long after.

ST. SAVIOUR. See SAVIOUR OF THE WORLD. ST. SEPULCHRE, MILITARY HOSPITALERS OF. As to the origin of this order, authors differ in opinion; but its institution is generally attributed to Godfrey de Bouillon, in 1099, after the entry of the crusades into Jerusalem, to guard the holy sepulchre, protect the pilgrims, and for the rescue of Christian slaves.

Louis VII. upon his return from Palestine, brought with him twenty of the brotherhood of this order, and established them at St. Sampson d'Ordeans, where they continued until 1254, at which time St. Louis removed them to the church of the holy chapel in Paris, where pilgrims and others, intending to visit the Holy Land, were required to inscribe their names.

In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII. united this order, with all its possessions, to that of Malta, though the union was never regularly established; but the order has not ceased to exist in France, and the Guardian of the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem has always preserved the privilege of creating the knights.

On the 19th of August, 1814, Louis XVIII. promised his protection to the order of the Holy Sepulchre, which in France is composed, independent of the king and the princes of the blood royal, of four hundred and fifty members, viz. grand officers, officers, knights, and novices. At their reception into the order, they swear to support the honour and religion of the king, and engage to pay a droit of three thousand francs.

The administrator-general wears, on the left side of his habit, a silver star, formed of double points and halfcircular projections, alternately; upon which, encircled with two branches of palm-gold, are the arms of Jerusalem. See Pl. 13, fig. 14.

The officers suspend the following badge from the button-hole a golden cross potent, with four fleurs-delis between the principal angles; upon a circular centre argent, edged with gold, a similar cross, cantoned with four others, gules; on the top of the badge, a crown, by which, from a ring, it is attached to a broad black ribbon,