所曰哉也為圖爾才小宰 子正政子所而過問 哉之 之名子路不舉舉政。 蓋由 迂乎將日知之賢子 闕

也也子衞人日才日 君路先君其舉日先 也子其日子舍爾焉有 名於正有日子諸所知司 不其子是必而 知賢赦

first the services of your various officers, pardon small faults, and raise to office men of virtue and talents.'

2. Chung-kung said, How shall I know the men of virtue and talent, so that I may raise them to office?' He was answered, 'Raise to office those whom you know. As to those whom you do not know, will others neglect them ??

CHAP. III.

I. Tsze-ld said, The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?'

2. The Master replied, 'What is necessary is to rectify names.' 3. ‘So, indeed!’said Tsze-lû. You are wide of the mark! Why must there be such rectification?'

4. The Master said, 'How uncultivated you are, Yû! A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve. 5. 'If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with

有司 are the various smaller officers. A

head minister should assign them their duties,

Would be neglected. Compare what is said on ‘knowing men,' in XII. xxii.

3. THE SUPREME IMPORTANCE OF NAMES BEING CORRECT. 1. This conversation is assigned by

Chû Hsî to the 11th year of the duke i of

Li, when Confucius was 69, and he returned

from his wanderings to his native State. Tsze

and not be interfering in them himself. His lû had then been some time in the service of

business is to examine into the manner in the duke Ch'û of Wei, who, it would appear,

which they discharge them. And in doing so, had been wishing to get the services of the sage ·人其 himself, and the disciple did not think that his 舍諸,-compare 山川其舍諸, in 名 VI. iv, though the force of 金 here is not so here a special reference, which Tsze-lù did not

Master would refuse to accept office, as he had not objected to his doing so. 2. must have

great as in that chapter. Confucius's meaning apprehend. Nor did the old interpreters, for

is, that Chung-kung need not trouble himself Ma Yung explains the 正名 正百事

about all men of worth. Let him advance those

he knew. There was no fear that the others, to rectify the names of all things,'

the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth

of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success.

6. When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music will not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot.

7. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires, is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect.'

CHAP. IV. 1. Fan Ch'ih requested to be taught husbandry. The Master said, 'I am not so good for that as an old husbandman.' He

On this view, the reply would indeed be wide better the climax that follows, though its sucof the mark.' The answer is substantially the cessive steps are still not without difficulty. same as the reply to duke Ching of Ch'î about

government in XII. xi, that it obtains when 正名乎,一乎 may be taken as an exclathe prince is prince, the father father, &c.; mation, or as = (is it not?? 4. 關如一關

that is, when each man in his relations is what

the name of his relation would require. Now, is used in the same sense as in II. xviii. The the duke Ch'û held the rule of Wei against kai is the introductory hypothetical particle. his father; see VII.xiv. Confucius, from the The phrase = 'is putting-aside-like,' i.e. the necessity of the case and peculiarity of the cir- superior man reserves and revolves what he is cumstances, allowed his disciples, notwith- in doubt about, and does not rashly speak. 6. standing that, to take office in Wei; but at‘Proprieties' here are not ceremonial rules, the time of this conversation, Ch'û had been but = 'order,' what such rules are designed to duke for nine years, and ought to have been so display and secure. So, ‘music' is equivalent

established that he could have taken the course to ‘harmony.’中, 4th tone, is the verb. of a filial son without subjecting the State to any risks. On this account, Confucius said he would begin with rectifying the name of the duke, that is, with requiring him to resign the dukedom to his father, and be what his name of son required him to be. See the

,

in loc. This view enables us to understand

|

4. A RULER HAS NOT TO OCCUPY HIMSELF WITH WHAT IS PROPERLY THE BUSINESS OF THE PEOPLE. It is to be supposed that Fan Ch'ih was at this time in office somewhere, and thinking of the Master, as the villager and high officer did, IX. ii and vi, that his knowledge embraced almost every subject, he imagined that he might get

going

對政用之敢莫民小吾 雖不子移民不敢莫人不 多達日 襁用不敢 敢哉如 亦使誦頁 負情服樊 樊老 奚於詩 其夫 夫上敬 敬須圃。 子如好上也樊 而是信好上遲 至則則義好出。 四民則禮子 焉方莫民則日

四 為方百,

不

專

之

requested also to be taught gardening, and was answered, 'I am not so good for that as an old gardener.’

2. Fan Ch'ih having gone out, the Master said, 'A small man, indeed, is Fan Hsü!

3. 'If a superior love propriety, the people will not dare not to be reverent. If he love righteousness, the people will not dare not to submit to his example. If he love good faith, the people will not dare not to be sincere. Now, when these things obtain, the people from all quarters will come to him, bearing their children on their backs; what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry ?’

CHAP. V. The Master said, 'Though a man may be able to recite the three hundred odes, yet if, when intrusted with a governmental charge, he knows not how to act, or if, when sent to any quarter on a mission, he cannot give his replies unassisted, notwithstanding the

extent of his learning, of what practical use is it?'

lessons from him on the two subjects he specifies, which he might use for the benefit of the people. 1. is properly the 'seed-sowing,' 称

and 圃, ‘a kitchen-garden,' but they are used

generally, as in the translation. 3.情, the

feelings,' 'desires,' but sometimes, as here, in

the sense of 'sincerity.’襁, often joined with

páo (made of the classifier 衣 and 保), is a

5. LITERARY ACQUIREMENTS USELESS WITHOUT y-see II. ji.

PRACTICAL ABILITY.

詩三百一

誦, (to croon over,’ as Chinese students do; here, = ‘to have learned.’專=獨,(alone,'

i. e. unassisted by the individuals of his suite.

多 ‘many,' refers to the 3oo odes. 亦 ‘also,’

here and in other places, = our ‘yet,''after all.’

cloth with strings by which a child is strapped 奚以為一切, it is said, =

upon

= ], 'use,' and

the back of its mother or nurse. This 爲isa mere expletive,一是語助詞 Seo paragraph shows what people in office should in Wang Yan-chih's Treatise on the Particles learn. Confucius intended that it should be repeated to Fan Ch'ih.

under the heading 為語助也; chap. ii.

CHAP. VI. The Master said, 'When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders.

If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed.'

CHAP. VII. The Master said, 'The governments of Lû and Wei are brothers.'

་

CHAP. VIII. The Master said of Ching, a scion of the ducal family of Wei, that he knew the economy of a family well. When he began to have means, he said, Ha! here is a collection!’ When they were a little increased, he said,‘Ha! this is complete !’ When he had become rich, he said, " Ha! this is admirable!"

CHAP. IX. 1. When the Master went to Wei, Zan Yû acted as driver of his carriage.

2. The Master observed, 'How numerous are the people!'

3. Yû said, ‘Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be

done for them ?’ Enrich them,' was the reply.

6. HIS PERSONAL CONDUCT ALL IN ALL TO A RULER. A translator finds it impossible here

house.

善居室 is a difficult expression.

to attain to the terse conciseness of his original. Literally it is-dwelt well in his house.' 7. THE SIMILAR CONDITION OF THE STATES OF LU

AND WEI. Compare VI. xxii. Lu's State had implies that he was a married man, the head of been directed by the influence of Châu-kung, a family. The 合講 says the phrase is and Wei was the fief of his brother Fung (封), equivalent to 處家, managed his family.' commonly known as K'ang-shû(康叔). Chû Hsi explains苟by聊且粗之 They had, similarly, maintained an equal and brotherly course in their progress, Or, as it it is significant of indifference and was in Confucius's time, in their degeneracy. carelessness. Our word ‘ha!'expressing surThat portion of the present Ho-nan, which prise and satisfaction corresponds to it pretty runs up and lies between Shan-hsî and Pei- nearly. We are not to understand that Ching chih-li, was the bulk of Wei. really made these utterances, but Confucius 8. THE CONTENTMENT OF THE OFFICER CHING, thus vividly represents how he felt. Compare AND HIS INDIFFERENCE ON GETTING RICH. Ching| Burns's line, 'Contented wi' little, and cantie was a great officer of Wei, a scion of its ducal wi' mair.'

富矣又何加焉日教

又何加焉日富之日

哉是言也

亦可以勝殘生

王子日善人爲邦百

月而已可也三年有

也。勝

用焉富

殺邦年我

誠 年成。
成朞
朞之。旣

4. ‘And when they have been enriched, what more shall be

done ?’The Master said, 'Teach them.’

CHAP. X. The Master said, 'If there were (any of the princes)

who would employ me, in the course of twelve months, I should have done something considerable. In three years, the government would be perfected.’

"If

CHAP. XI. The Master said, " If good men were to govern a country in succession for a hundred years, they would be able to transform the violently bad, and dispense with capital punishments." True indeed is this saying!'

CHAP. XII. The Master said, 'If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would still require a generation, and then virtue would prevail.’

9. A PEOPLE NUMEROUS, WELL-OFF, AND EDU-|MENT COULD EFFECT. Confucius quotes here a CATED, IS THE GREAT ACHIEVEMENT OF GOVERN- saying of his time, and approves of it. 勝, 僕,‘a servant,' but here with the

MENT. I.

meaning in the translation. That, indeed, is

the second meaning of the character given in the dictionary.

10. CONFUCIUS'S ESTIMATE OF WHAT HE COULD DO, IF EMPLOYED TO ADMINISTER THE GOVERNMENT OF A STATE. is to be distinguished from

朞 期, and = 'a revolution of the year. There is a comma at 11月,and 而已可

are read

together. 而已 does not signify, as it often does, ‘and nothing more,' but = 'and have," 已 being 已經 a sign of the perfect tense. Given twelve months, and there would be a passable result. In three years there would be a completion.’

11. WHAT A HUNDRED YEARS OF GOOD GOVERN

Ist tone, ‘to be equal to.’勝殘, ‘would

be equal to the violent,' that is, to transform them. 去殺, (to do away with killing,

that is, with capital punishments, unneces• sary with a transformed people.