27. Sitting (sessilis), that has no filament. 238. The pollen is a powder, that appears in the form of the finest dust. In the microscope its figure is various, being hollow, and filled with a fertilising moisture.

239. The Pistillum is the organ which occupies the centre of the flower, and which finally terminates the development of the inflorescence, just as a bud terminates the progress of the foliage. Hence it has been philosophically considered as a bud in a particular state. It consists of three parts; the ovarium, the style, and the stigma.

240. The Ovarium is the undermost part of the pistillum, and is the rudiment of the future fruit. The number of ovaria is very various; they are reckoned from six to eight, after which they are said to be several or many ovaria. The figure is also very different. The principal kinds are:

1. Sitting (sessile), that has no foot-stalk. 2. Pedicelled (pedicellatum), furnished with a foot-stalk.

3. Superior (superum), when the germen is encircled by the calyx, or, when this is wanting, by the other parts of the flower.

4. Inferior (inferum), when the ovary is situated under the calyx, or, when this is wanting, under the corolla.

241. The style (stylus) is seated upon the germen, and resembles a small column or stalk. The kinds of it are the following: :

1. Hair-like (capillaris), that is very slender, and of equal thickness.

2. Bristle-like (setaceus), as slender as the former, but somewhat thicker at the base.

3. Thread-like (filiformis), which is long and round.

4. Awl-shaped (subulatus), thick below, above sharp pointed.

5. Gross (crassus), that is very thick and short.

6. Club-shaped (clavatus), thicker above than, below.

7. Two, three, four, &c. multifid (bi-tri-quadri-&c., multifidus), cleft in a determined

manner.

8. Dichotomous (dichotomus), divided into two parts, which are again divided at the points. 9. Terminal (terminalis), which stands on the top of the germen.

10. Lateral (lateralis), attached to the inside of the germen.

11. Erect (rectus), which stands straight up. 12. Declined (declinatus), that inclines towards the side.

13. Abiding (persistens), that does not fall off 14. Withering (marcescens), that withers and afterwards falls off.

15. Deciduous (deciduus), that falls off immediately after impregnation.

The number of the styles must likewise be accurately counted; for there is often more than one style to one germen, and this must be particularly observed. The length of the style, whether longer or shorter than the stamina, is also to be mentioned.

242. The stigma means the top of the style. The kinds of it are as follows:

1. Pointed (acutum), when it has a sharp

point.

2. Blunt (obtusum), when it forms a blunt

point.

3. Oblong (oblongum), when it is thick and elongated.

4. Club-shaped (clavatum), resembling a small

club.

5. Spherical (globosum), forming a perfectly round globe.

6. Capitate (capitatum), a hemisphere, the under side flat.

7. Emarginated (emarginatum), when the lastmentioned kind has a notch in it.

8. Peltated (peltatum), that is formed like a shield.

9. Uncinated (uncinatum), hooked at the point. 10. Angular (angulosum), when it is furnished with close and deep furrows, which occasion projecting angles.

11. Three-lobed (trilobum), which consists of three round bodies, somewhat pressed flat.

12. Dentated (dentatum), when it is set with fine teeth.

13. Cruciform (cruciforme), when it is divided into four parts, of which two are always opposite

to each other.

14. Pencil-like (pencilliforme), consisting of a number of short, thick, close, fleshy fibres, in form of a pencil.

15. Hollow (concavum), when it is of a globular or longish form, but quite hollow, as in the violet.

16. Petal-like (petaloïdeum), when it has the appearance of a petal; as in Iris.

17. Two, three, and multifid (bi, tri, &c. multifidum).

18. Bent-back (revolutum), when the points of a bifid or multifid stigma are rolled back outwards. 19. Bent in (convolutum), when the points of a divided stigma are rolled inwards.

20. Spiral (spirale), when a multifid stigma is rolled up like the spring of a watch.

21. Plumose (plumosum), when the stigma is set with fine hairs on both sides, so as to have the appearance of a feather; as in the grasses.

22. Hairy (pubescens), that is set with short white hairs.

23. Lateral (laterale), which is situated on the side of the stylus or of the germen

Dehiscent.

Inferior.

24. Sitting (sessile), which, when there is no style, rests on the germen.

The stigma, properly speaking, consists of a number of inhaling tubercles, which are not always visible without a magnifier. In the Mirabilis jalapa they are to be seen most distinctly.

243. The discus is a fleshy ring, surrounding the pistillum at its base; and is one of the various things which Linnæus indiscriminately named nectary. It generally exists in the form of a ring, or annulus, into which the stamens are inserted, or not, as the case may be. Occasionally it is so much enlarged as to enclose the pistillum in part, as in Pæonia Moutan, or entirely, as in Nelumbium, when it constitutes the principal part of the fruit.

244. The FRUIT is the perfection of vegetation. It is by this part that all plants are perpetuated; and with this, in many plants, existence terminates. In common language, the term is applied to such as are fleshy and eatable; but, in scientific language, it signifies the fecundated ovarium in a ripe state; and, in a more extended sense, the aggregation of several ripe ovaria, even belonging to different flowers.

245. The essential parts of a fruit are the pericarp and the seed.

246. The pericarp is the covering of the seed, and the most external part of the fruit. It is terminated at the one end by the vestiges of the style, and at the other by the receptacle or peduncle. It consists of three parts: 1. the epicarp, which is the skin or outer coat; 2. the sarcocarp, which constitutes the flesh in fleshy fruits, and is the substance immediately covered by the epicarp; 3. the endocarp, which is the inner lining of the fruit, and the same as Gærtner has called putamen.

247. The pericarp is always present in the ovarium, but sometimes is obliterated in the fruit. It is sometimes internally divided by partitions, which are called dissepiments, and which bear on some part of their surface, generally at the inner angle, a fleshy or spongy mass, which is called the placenta, and on which the seeds are placed.

248. The pericarp varies in the mode of dehiscence, in degree of combination, in texture, and in relation to the perianthium. From variations in these modifications, fruits may be divided into five classes, and thirty-nine genera, disposed in the following manner :

CLASS I UNILOCULAR, OR SIMPLE.
Indehiscent.

Superior. 13. Legumen. 14. Folliculus.

249. The foregoing are distinguished among themselves by the following additional characters:

1. Utriculus. Pericarp bladdery, monospermous, not adhering to the seed. Eleusine.

2. Achenium. Pericarp coriaceous, monospermous or oligospermous, not adhering to the seed. Rosa. The cidium of Mirbel is a variety.

3. Cariopsis. Pericarp usually thin, monospermous, always adhering closely to the seed and inseparable from it. Grasses. Also called Cerio.

4. Cataclesium. Pericarp coriaceous, monospermous, covered by the calyx, which does not adhere to it, but which is much enlarged. Salsola. To this must be referred Sacellus and Sphalerocarpium.

5. Scleranthum. Pericarp thin, monospermous, covered by the indurated base of the calyx or perianthium. Mirabilis. Also called Dyclesium.

6. Samara. Pericarp coriaceous, oligospermous, with a long wing at its back. Acer. This fruit is either compound or simple, but always unilocular in its divisions.

7. Glans. Pericarp coriaceous, mono-dispermous, covered at the base by an indurated involucre, which takes the name of cup. Quercus, Laurus. Also called Calybio.

8. Nur. Pericarp woody, mono-dispermous covered at the base by a foliaceous involucre. Peculiar to Corylus. The term is applied by many authors to nearly all the hard fruits, which