His heart is as if it were tied to what is correct. 2 The turtle dove is in the mulberry tree, And her young ones are in the plum tree. The virtuous man, the princely one, His girdle is of silk, And his cap is of spotted deer-skin. 3 The turtle dove is in the mulberry tree, And her young ones are in the jujube tree. The virtuous man, the princely one, Has nothing wrong in his deportment. He has nothing wrong in his deportment, And thus he rectifies the four quarters of the State. the words; but we must be content with them. are taken to denote the app. of vege 薈蔚 tation, luxuriant and abundant' 躋=升, -as in viii. VII. 3. 季女一 Ll. 1, 2, in all the stt. The she-këw is, no doubt, the turtle dove, the same as the kew in ii. I. There is a difficulty, indeed, in the state ment that the young ones of the bird amount to 'seven,' as the turtle dove, like all other birds 'to ascend,' is taken of vapours or clouds. of the same species, has only two young at a 變一 ,-seeii.IV.3; but it is not necessary to understand here that the lady is married.斯‘this,' giving em phasis to the antecedents. The rhymes are–in st. 1, 役,芾, cat. 15, 翼 服 a, cat. 1, t. 3: in 3, 味 媾, t. 3: in 2, cat. 4, t. 2: in 4, L, cat. 15, t. 1. Ode 3. Allusive. THE PRAISE OF SOME ONE, SOME LORD, PROBABLY, OF TS'AOU, UNIFORMLY OF VIRTUOUS CONDUCT AND OF EXTENSIVE IN FLUENCE. Acc. to the Preface, the praise in this piece is of some early ruler of Ts'aou, who is celebrated by way of contrast with the very different characters of the writer's time. But we can gather nothing of this from the language of the piece;-nor from history. time. It is highly characteristic of the critics, that the only one I have met with who touches on this point is Maou K'e-ling. He observes that we have the simply because it rhymes with, and are not to understand the text as if it gave definitely the number of the turtle's young! As if this misstatement in the text were not enough, almost all the critics, follow the old Maou in saying that the dove has a uniform method in feeding her young, giving them thelr food in the evening in the reverse order of that in which she had supplied them in the morning! And this equality and justice form the ground of the allusion in the piece, they say, the dove being thus the counterpart of the uniformly virtuous man. Something of the same kind is brought out from the 2d and other stanzas, the mother dove always appearing in a mulberry tree, while her young continually change their place. All this seems to be mere fancy. 勢 萬胡國正國正 年。不人。是 淑不 在 羣.兜 人。是人。是子。 4 The turtle dove is in the mulberry tree, And her young ones are in the hazel tree. 念彼京周 The virtuous man, the princely one, Rectifies the people of the State. He rectifies the people of his State: May he continue for ten thousand years! IV. Hea ts'euen. 愾浸念愾浸 。人榛。 彼彼彼我彼彼 周。嘆。蕭。泉。京嘆。稂泉。 1 Cold come the waters down from that spring, And overflow the bushy wolf's-tail grass Ah me! I awake and sigh, Thinking of that capital of Chow. 2 Cold come the waters down from that spring, L1. 3–6. 君子 would here seem to be not only one in authority (在位), but one in the highest authority, whose influence extends to the whole State (正是四國). The meaning of 'deportment,' is well illustrated by referring to Ana. VIII. iv. 3. gives the ideas of uniformity, and equality or correctness. 如結‘as if tied;' i.e, the mind is tied to what is correct, as things are tied together so that they cannot separate. It is a great descent from this, when we come in st. 2 to read of the girdle and cap. 伊,一as in ii.XIII.3. 麒弁 i.q., in the Shoo, V. xxii. 21. = all 差忒 error 四國-曹四境 within the four borders of Tsaou. 胡不 萬年is a wish for the long life of one so worthy (願其壽之詞 下泉 The rhymes are–in st. 1, 七一一結 cat.12, t. 3: in 2, 梅,絲絲麒, cat. 1, t.1: in 3, 棘忒忒國cat. 1, t. 3: in 4, 榛人人年 cat. 12, t. 1. Ode 4. Metaphorical-allusive. THE MISERY AND MISGOVERNMENT OF TSAOU MAKES THE WRITER THINK OF CHOW, AND OF ITS FORMER VIGOUR AND PROSPERITY. Ll. 1, 2 in stt. 1–3. 冽 (formed from7) is descriptive of the coolness of the waters. spring,' ie, a spring 下泉‘descending whose waters flow away downwards. Both Maou and Choo seem to take 苞 as bushy grass,' difft. from the other productions mentioned; but it is better to follow the analogy of x. VIII., and other places, where we have met with the term as an adjective. is explained by some as 'blasted ears of grain; but it is better 念彼京 JE 郇伯勞 四國有 陰雨膏之 O 王。 之。 苗。自 師。嘆。蓍.泉。 3 Cold come the waters down from that spring, And overflow the bushy divining plants. Ah me! I awake and sigh, Thinking of that capital-city. 111 4 Beautifully grew the fields of young millet, Enriched by fertilizing rains. The States had their sovereign, And there was the chief of Seun to reward their princes. taken as a kind of weed or darnel. I have trans- the masculine, generating influences of nature. lated it by one of the names which it receives. -see on vi. VIII. 2. , 'to anoint."―to moisten and enrich. is a plant said by 國一四方之國, the States in the four 蕭 -one of the artemisia. Its stalks were used for the purpose of divination. In the Japanese plates it is the achillea. The cold water overflowing these plants only injured them;-an image of the influence of the government of Ts'aou on the people. Ll. 3, 4. is onomatopoetic of a sigh. 京 appears in st. 2 as 京周 for the rhyme; quarters of the kingdom.' Seun was a small State,-in the pres. district of Lin-tsin (2), dep. Poo-chow (»» Shan-se. It was first conferred on a son of king Wăn, one of whose descendants was the chief mentioned in the text,-so called, as presiding with viceregal authority over a district embracing many States. We do not know when he lived. The rhymes are—in st. 1,,, cat. 14; 京師 in st. 3, though | 稂京 cat.10: in2,泉歎᛬蕭周 the same may be said of in st. 3, though those characters are often associated in the sense of a capital-city.' St. 4. The writer here speaks of the former and prosperous period of the House of Chow, and we must translate in the past tense. 梵=‘beautiful-like.'苗 is not to be taken of other grain, besides the millet之苗) The millet is metaphorical of the The millet is metaphorical of the States of the kingdom. -compare iii. X.1. The phrase denotes abund ant and fertilizing rains, rains impregnated with cat. 3, t.1: in 3,,;, cat. 15, t.1: in 4,,,, cat. 2. CONCLUDING NOTE UPON THE BOOK. To none of the odes of Ts'aou does there belong any great merit. The second, taken in connection with the statement in the Tso-chuen referred to in the notes on it, shows one of the principal reasons of the decay and ruin of the State,-the multiplication of useless and unprincipled officers. The last ode is strikingly analogous to the last in the preceding Book. In both, the writers turn from the misery before their eyes, and can only think hopelessly of an earlier time of vigour and prosperity. 豳 南趾。日褐。之衣。七 于耜四之日 何以卒歲 之日栗烈 無灰 一之日啓發 七月流火九月 南畝 田畯至喜 子。之 豔 彼舉 = 授 1 In the seventh month, the Fire Star passes the meridian; In the 9th month, clothes are given out. In the days of four] first month, the wind blows cold; In the days of four] second, the air is cold;– Without the clothes and garments of hair, How could we get to the end of the year? In the days of [our] third month, they take their ploughs in hand; In the days of [our] fourth, they take their way to the fields. Along with my wife and children, I carry food to them in those south-lying acres. The surveyor of the fields comes, tiquity. They were made by the duke of Chow about matters in his own day, or they were made by others about him, and, it would be difficult to say for what reason, were arranged together under this common THE TITLE OF THE BOOK.一豳一之十|them, however, is descriptive of so high an an五, 'The odes of Pin; Book XV. of Part I. Of Pin I have spoken sufficiently in the note on the title of Book I. There the chiefs of the House of Chow dwelt for nearly five centuries, from B. C. 1796–1325. The first piece in this Book is accepted as a description by the famous duke of Chow of the ways of the first settlers in Pin, under Kung-lëw, and hence the name of Pin is given to all the odes in the Book. No other of | name of Pin. The character 豳 is now 邠 the form having been changed in the period Kae-yuen (開元; A. C. 713-741) of the T'ang dynasty. From a narrative in the Tso-chuen, under B. C. 543, it Ode 1. Narrative. LIFE IN PIN IN THE OLDEN TIME; THE PROVIDENT ARRANGEMENTS THERE TO SECURE THE CONSTANT SUPPLY OF FOOD AND RAIMENT, WHATEVER WAS NECESSARY FOR THE SUPPORT AND COMFORT OF THE PEOPLE. I do not wish to deny here this universally accepted account of the ode; but it is not without its difficulties. Pin is not once mentioned in it, nor Kung-lëw. The note of time with which the first three stanzas commence is not a little perplexing: 'In the seventh month, the Fire star, or the Heart of Scorpio (see on the Shoo, I. 5), passes on,' i. e., passes to the westward of the meridian at night-fall. Mr. Chalmers has observed that this could not have been the case if the year of Chow commenced, as it is said to have done, with our December; but the critics meet this difficulty by saying that in this ode, and indeed throughout the She, the specification of the months is according to the calendar of the Hea dyn., and not that of Chow. They add, moreover, that it was proper in this piece, occupied with the affairs of Pin during the Hea dynasty, to speak of its months. This is grantant ed; but it only leads us to a greater difficulty. Scorpio did pass to the westward in August, or the 7th month of the Hea dynasty, in the time of the duke of Chow,-say about B. C. 1114; but it did not do so in the time of Kung-lëw, or B. C. 1,796. Lew Kin() observes on this:-'In the Canon of Yaou it is said, "The day is at its longest, and the star is Ho. You may thus exactly determine midsummer." In the time of Yaou, the sun was, at midsummer, in Cancer-Leo, and the Ho star culminated at dusk. More than 1,240 years after came the regency of the duke of Chow during the minority of king Ching; and the stars of the Zodiac must have gone back during that time, through the retrocession of the equinoxes, 16 or 17 degrees. It would not be till the sixth month, and after, therefore, that the sun would be in the same place, and the Ho star pass away to the westward at nightfall. But in this poem which relates the customs of Pin in the times of Hea and Shang, it is said that the star passed in the 7th month, the duke of Chow mentioning the phænomenon, as he himself saw it.' We are thus brought to one of two conclusions:-that the piece does not describe life in pin about 700 years before the duke of Chow's time; or that he supposed the place of the sun in the heavens in the time of Kung-lëw to have been the same as it was in his own days. I think we must adopt the latter conclusion, nor need we be stumbled by the lack of astronomical science in the great statesman. I adhere to the ordinary view of the ode, mainly because of the 2d line in the stanzas already referred to, that clothes were given out in the 9th month, in anticipation of the approaching winter. This must evidently be the 9th month of Hea, and not of Chow. Were the author telling of what was done in his time, soon after the commencement of the Chow dyn., we cannot conceive of his thus expressing himself. Why then should we not translate the piece in the past tense, as being a record of the past? I was for some time inclined to do so. The 9th and 10th lines of st. 1 determined me otherwise. The speaker there must be an old farmer or yeoman of Pin, and the whole ode must be conceived of as coming from him. St. 1. flows down,' is explained by, 'descends,' i.e., goes on towards the horizon. The giver out of the clothes was the head of according to the necessities of the household each family, distributing their common store (授者家長與家人也). The expressions, 之日二之日,&c., 'the days of the first, of the second, &c., are taken on all hands as meaning the days of the 1st month, of the second month, &c., according to the calendar of Chow. I accept the conclusion, without attempting to explain the nomenclature, and have indicated it by the addition of 'our' in the translation. The use of the two styles in the same piece, and even in the same stanza, is certainly perplexing. are explained together, as- -風寒 (winds cold,' and as, 'the air cold.' 盛 was the name of a horn blown by the Keangs to frighten the horses of the Chinese, and is here used as giving the sound of the wind as it began to blow in December. 烈 should, probably, be, as in the last ode of the prec. Book. -, 'cloth of hair,' of which the clothes of the inferior members of the household were made. But a supply of clothes was necessary for all, in order to get through the rigour of the second month of Chow, and so conclude the year of Hea. L. 7 brings us to the 3rd month of Chow, and the 1st of Hea, when the approach of spring required preparations to be made for the agricultural labours of the year. the part of the plough which enters the ground, is here used for the plough, and agricultural implements in general; I take as a particle, as in i. II., et al. Choo explains it here by 'to go to;' but even then we should have to supply another verb to indicate that they went to prepare their ploughs.', 'lifted up their toes,'-the meaning is as in the translation. In 1.9, the narrator appears in his own person, an aged yeoman, who has remained in the house, with his wife (or may mean the married women on the farm generally) and young children, while the able-bodied members of the household have all gone to work in the fields., 'to carry food to those in the fields.' O was an officer who su perintended the farms over a district of considerable extent. It is a pleasant picture of agricultural life which these last five lines give us. |