渴。苟子下矣。日樓有 無于括。牛之于 飢役。君羊女桀雞 The fowls roost on their perches; And in the evening of the day, The goats and cows come down and home; But my husband is away on service. Oh if he be but kept from hunger and thirst! III. Keun-tsze yang-yang. 其招左君其招左 左君 樂我執子樂我執 只由認。陶只由簧。陽 君子陽陽 且。敖。右陶。且。房。右陽。陽 1 My husband looks full of satisfaction. In his left hand he holds his reed-organ, And with his right he calls me to the room. Oh the joy! 2 My husband looks delighted. In his left hand he holds his screen of feathers, And with his right hand he calls me to the stage. 期 (the time of his return 不日不 ,-as in the translation. Choo says, "The length of his service is not to be calculated by days and months (不可計以日月) 曷至哉 is taken by Choo of the place where the officer was at the time. As the " 'Complete Digest' expands it, 且今何所至哉 其所至之地吾亦不得而 知之也. Kang-shing connects the line closely with the preceding:-'I do not know the set time of his return,the time when he ought to come.' That is the meaning of the none. is the name for holes made in the walls for fowls,-'chiselled out,' as Maou says, from the walls of earth and lime, of which the houses were built. 桀=杙 ‘a post;’but we must think rather of a perch.' K'ang-shing, unnaturally, explains 下來by從下牧 come from their low pasture地而來, grounds.'括=至, ‘to come,''to arrive. L1.7,8. 苟, ‘if,’ must be taken as expressing a wish or prayer. As Le Kung-k'ae puts it, 既不得歸則庶幾其在道 3d line in st. 2, where佸=會, to assemble, 路之間,且無飢渴之患亦 ‘to meet In st. 1, 曷=where; in2='when: 可矣,‘Since he cannot come immediately, Ll. 4,6. The creatures around her had their nightly resting places, while her husband had VOL. IV. if peradventure in his travelling he escape the suffering of hunger and thirst, so far well.' 15 IV. Yang che shwuy. 歸月懷申與之薪不 揚 哉予哉懷我子彼流之之 還曷哉戍不其束水。水 1 The fretted waters Do not carry on their current a bundle of firewood! Those, the members of our families, Are not with us here guarding Shin. How we think of them! How we think of them! What month shall we return home? The rhymes are-in st. 1, .,, , cat. 1, t. 1: in 2, 思 cat.15, t.3. Ode 3. Narrative. THE HUSBAND'S SATISFACTION, AND THE WIFE'S JOY, ON HIS Return. This again is the view of Choo He, who regards this ode as a sequel of the preceding one; and I do not think anything better can be made of it. Still it does not carry with itself the witness of its own correctness, so much as the interpretation of ode 2. Choo refers, as if with some doubt of his own view, to that of the old school, that the piece is expressive of commiseration for the disordered and fallen condition of Chow, and that it shows us, more especially, the officers encouraging one another to take office, for the sake of preserving their lives. To my mind the piece, as a whole and in its details, is accompanied with greater difficulties on this interpretation than on the other. and abilities. follow him, and take part in the performance, joy. -as in iii. XVI. The rhymes are—in st. 1,,,, st. Both stanzas. 陽陽=得志之貌 10:2陶....敖(prop. cnt. 2), cat. 3, 'the appearance of satisfaction, having got one's t. 2: in the two stanzas,,, cat. 2. indicates the app. of harmony and joy' 簧 is used for 笙 an instrument in which the ancient Chinese had the rudiments of the organ. It consisted of 13 or of 19 tubes, set up in the shell of a gourd, each with an orifice near the bottom, to which a moveable tongue of metal called 簧 was fitted. The whole was blown by the mouth. was a sort of flag or screen carried by dancers, with which they could screen themselves at parts of their performance. The 3d lines are the most difficult, and none of the critics throw much light upon them. Acc. to Maou, by we are to understand 'the music in the apartment,' and -, 'to use.' The king, it is said, had the pieces of the Chow Nan sung to him with music in an inner apartment of the palace, and the officer of the ode is made to appear beckoning to his friends to Ode. 4. Allusive. THE TROOPS OF CHOW, KEPT ON DUTY IN SHIN, MURMUR AT THEIR SEPARATION FROM THEIR FAMILIES. The mother of king Ping was a Këang, a daughter of the House of Shin. That State had suffered repeatedly from the attacks of Ts'oo, and the king, after removing to the eastern capital, sent his own people to occupy and defend it, and kept them long absent from their homes on the service. The piece contains their murmurings at their separation from their families. This is the interpretation given by Maou, and adopted by Choo,—with differences in the details. Gowyang Sew had proposed, before Choo's time, a somewhat different view, which has had many followers. L. 3 is to be taken, they think, not of the families of the troops employed in Shin, nor of other troops of Chow which were left at home, but of the troops of other States, which should have been called forth by the king for the duty. This modification of the interpretation shows us better the nature of the allusion in the 1st two lines, but does not agree so well with the last 歸懷與蒲揚歸懷與 歸懷與楚辭 哉哉。我 曷戍 月許 予懷 彼之哉哉。我 以其之子 之水不流巿 還哉不 2 The fretted waters 曷) 月甫 予懍 彼其之子 揚之水不流束 還哉不 Do not carry on their current a bundle of thorns! Those, the members of our families, Are not with us here guarding P'oo. How we think of them! How we think of them! What month shall we return? 3 The fretted waters Do not carry on their current a bundle of osiers! Those, the members of our families, Are not with us here guarding Heu. How we think of them! How we think of them! What month shall we return? two. I feel unable myself to express any de- and rippling' course of a stream, he explains cisive opinion in the case. L11,2. in all the stt. 揚 is explained by Maou by 激揚 to impede and excite,'–as rocks do the waters of a stream; but he does not explain the nature of the allusion which underlies the statement that a stream thus fretted is yet not able to carry away so slight a thing as a bundle of firewood. Acc. to Kang-| shing, it is that, though the king's commands were so urgent and exacting, no kindness flowed from him to the people. This is unsatisfactory; and Ying-tah and Wang Taou insist that the lines should be taken interrogatively, or that 11.2 and 4 should be understood as strong assertions, and not negations. Carrying out this view, Wang would farther refer the in | 揚之水 as 'the appearance of water flow ing gently; –so gently and feebly in this case, that the current would not bear away a small stood bear allusively on the rest of the stanza, he does not at all make clear, saying that it is to be found in the two tin lines 2 and 4. Gow-yang and those who follow him, taking yang in the same way, make out the allusion to be to the feebleness of king Ping, who could not command the services of the States to guard Shin, but was obliged to lay the duty on his own people.-This meaning of is not given in Kang-he's dict., and I feel constrained to keep culties. 薪 and楚 bundle of anything. How the lines thus under to Maou's account of the term with all its diffi-see on i. IX. 2. Maou 一用, takes 1.3 to king Ping, and take 與 in 1.4 as w to employ.' This would meet the difficulty about the allusion; but the murmuring of the troops becomes thus very violent. It is incon sistent with the spirit of the odes to express disapprobation of the king so directly; and the last two lines seem to require us to interpret 1.3 of the families of the soldiers. in the sense of ‘rushes;' but it also means 'osiers,' from which arrow-shafts could be made, which seems more suitable here. L1. 3, 4. The 其 is read ke, and is treated as a inere particle, Wang Yin-che gives 記忌 已 and 迅, as synonyms of it, which are found Choo adopts a different exegesis of 1.1. Re-used (and are interchanged) in the same way. ferring to a phrase, 悠揚, meaning the ‘long之子一是子,‘those parties,'-'the fami V. Chung kuh. 暎中難遇嘅嘅有膜 其容人 矣。人 修有 之 矣。蕥。 中谷有 乾有 艱矣,矣。離。。难。推 1 In the valleys grows the mother-wort, But scorched is it in the drier places. There is a woman forced to leave her husband; Sadly she sighs! Sadly she sighs! She suffers from his hard lot. 2 In the valleys grows the mother-wort, But scorched is it where it had become long. lies of the absent soldiers, 'their parents, wives, and children,' acc. to Kang-shing. It has been mentioned that king Ping's mother belonged to Shin,―a marquisate held by Keangs, the capital of which was near the site of the pres. dep. city of Nan-yang, Ho-nan. P'oo is identified by Ying-tah and Choo with Leu (see note on the name of the 22d Bk. of the Shoo, Pt. V.) It was also a marquisate held by Keangs, and adjoined Shin. Heu was another Keang State, in the pres. Heu Chow, Ho-nan. Shin and P'oo were contiguous, but Heu was at some considerable distance from them. Heu Keen; Yuen dyn.) thinks that the troops of Chow were not really guarding the territories of Poo and Heu; but that the poet, to vary his rhymes, introduces the names of those other States, as belonging to Keangs. We may rather suppose, however, that through the consanguinity of their chiefs, the three States were confederate, all threatened by Ts'oo, and all hence requiring aid. 戍=屯兵以守, ‘to station troops throughout a country to maintain it.' Ll. 5, 6. The object of is to be sought in the parties intended by, and this term, as well as the line that follows, are in favour of the interpretation of the piece adopted by Maou and Choo. The soldiers did not wish their families to be with them, keeping guard in Shin, such a thing would have been contrary to all rules of propriety; but they grudged their prolonged absence from them, and wished that they might soon return to Chow. The rhymes are—in st. 1, (and in 2, 3), K, † (prop. cat. 1), cat. 15, t. 2;,, cat 12, t. 1; (and in 2, 3),,, cat. 15, t. 1: in 2, cat. 5, t. 2 : in 3,,†, ib., t. 1. Ode 5. Allusive. THE SAD CASE OF A wo MAN FORCED TO SEPARATE FROM HER HUSBAND Maou says the piece is expressive of pity for the suffering condition of Chow. Many later critics seek to find in it a condemnation of the govt. of king Ping, and of the morals of the people; but this has to be argued out of the language, and is not implied in it. Choo attributes the composition to the suffering wife herself; but I agree with Heu Keen in attributing it to another, who has her case-one of many-vividly before him (詳味其辭人在言外蓋 當時君子之言非婦人所 自作也) Ll. 1, 2 in all the stt. The has many names, of which the most common are 茺蔚 and Medhurst calls it the 'bugloss;' but I should have preferred to call it by its popular name of 'mother's help.' if it did not clearly appear in the Japanese plates as the leonurus sibiricus, or mother-wort. It is described as having a square stem, and white flowers which grow between the sections of the stem. The seeds, stalk, flowers, and leaves are all believed to have medical virtues, and to be specific in |