WORKS FOR REFERENCE.

CHIEFLY BIOGRAPHICAL.

Life of Milton.

1. By David Masson. (6 vols., Macmillan.) An exhaustive work, useful for the investigation of special topics.

2. By Mark Pattison.

(Harpers.)

3. By Richard Garnett.

English Men of Letters Series.

(Scribner.)

4. By Stopford A. Brooke. Classical Writers Series. (Ap-
pleton.) These works, each in one volume, set forth
the facts of Milton's life, especially as related to his
literary work; but they aim chiefly at a critical dis-
cussion of the character and value of that work as
judged by modern standards of literary criticism.
5. By Samuel Johnson. In Lives of the English Poets.
Similar in aim to 2, 3, and 4; but it applies the stand-
ards of a formal and conventional school of criticism,
now obsolete, and it is further invalidated by the
expression of numerous purely personal judgments
upon many matters in regard to which Johnson was
not a competent critic. Useful for comparative study
only.

Poetical Works of John Milton. (3 vols., Macmillan.) The Introduction contains biographical and critical matter of great value, an especial feature being an elaborate study (not entirely trustworthy) of Milton's versifica

tion.

See also Milton's Youth in Masson's Essays (see page xiv).

CHIEFLY CRITICAL.

1. A Critique on Paradise Lost.

By Joseph Addison. (Reprinted from The Spectator.) Like Johnson's Life of Milton, above mentioned, these papers exhibit the tendency to academic formalism in criticism characteristic of the eighteenth century, when all critical judgments were based on canons derived from classic sources; but the author avoids Johnson's serious errors by reason of his finer discrimination and his keener æsthetic sensibility.

2. Essays on Milton.

a. By Matthew Arnold.

Series.

In Essays in Criticism, Second

b. By Walter Bagehot. In Literary Studies, Vol. I.
c. By A. Birrell. In Obiter Dicta, Second Series.

d. By Edward Dowden. In Transcripts and Studies.
e. By James Russell Lowell.

Prose Works, Vol. IV.

In Among My Books; or,

f. By Thomas Babington Macaulay. In Essays, Vol. I.
g. By E. Scherer. In Essays (translated by G. Saintsbury).

3. Lectures on Shakespeare and Milton. By Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

4. Remarks on the Character and Writings of John Milton. By William Ellery Channing.

GENERAL.

Among books not exclusively devoted to Milton's works, which yet contain much suggestive criticism of value to students of Milton, are the following:

History of English Literature. Arnold. (The Elegy, p. 443 f.)

History of English Literature. Brooke. (Ch. V.)

Handbook of Poetry for Students of English Verse. Gummere (The Epic.)

History of the Literature of Europe. Hallam. (Pt. IV., ch. V.)

Lectures on the English Poets. Hazlitt.

Masson.

Essays, chiefly on the English Poets.
Introduction to English Literature. Pancoast. (Ch. II.)
Lectures on the British Poets. Read.

The Poetical Interpretation of Nature. Shairp.

Many historical works contain brief but able discussions of Milton's work in its relation to the political and social conditions by which it was shaped. Of especial value are the following:

Gardiner's The Puritan Revolution.

Greene's Short History of the English People.

Macaulay's History of England. (Stuarts.)

The pupil's imaginative conception of the man, Milton, may be made more real and human, and the facts of his personal history be more easily retained in the memory, if his life in London and elsewhere be traced with the aid of such works as Hare's Walks in London, Howitt's Homes and Haunts of British Poets, and Hutton's Literary Landmarks of London. Of especial value in visualizing these facts is the use of such a map as the "Aggas Map of London, 1560," published by Cassell & Co. to accompany their Old and New London.

INTRODUCTION

NOTE.

Throughout this book, references by numbers alone relate to the numbered paragraphs of the matter treating of the characteristic ideas of Milton's time, which is found on pages 17 to 85 inclusive.