(II) A great state, one that lowly flows, becomes the empire's union, and the empire's wife. The wife always through quietude conquers her husband, and by quietude renders herself lowly. Thus a great state through lowliness toward small states will conquer the small states, and small states through lowliness toward great states will conquer great states. Therefore some render themselves lowly for the purpose of conquering; others are lowly and therefore conquer. A great state desires no more than to unite and feed the people; a small state desires no more than to devote itself to the service of the people; but that both may obtain their wishes, the greater one must stoop. (12) The ancients who were well versed in Reason did not thereby enlighten the people; they intended thereby to make them simple-hearted. If people are difficult to govern, it is because they are too smart. To govern the country with smartness is the country's curse. To govern the country without smartness is the country's blessing. He who knows these two things is also a model (like the ancients). Always to know them is called profound virtue. Profound virtue, verily, is deep. Verily, it is to everything reverse. great recognition. (13) Verily, it is far-reaching. The people hunger because their superiors consume too many taxes; therefore they hunger. The people are difficult to govern because their superiors are too meddlesome; therefore it is difficult to govern. The people make light of death on account of the intensity of their clinging to life; therefore they make light of death. He who is not bent on life is worthier than he who esteems life. '(14) Induce people to return to (the old custom of) knotted cords and to use them (in the place of writing), to delight in their food, to be proud of their clothes, to be content with their homes, and to rejoice in their customs; then in a neighboring state within sight, the voices of the cocks and dogs would be within hearing, yet the people might grow old and die before they visited one another. Absolutism, 62-63 INDEX Analects, 19, 20, 22, 23, 33, 34, Aquinas, St. Thomas, 6, 55 Augustine, St., 6, 48, 54, 55 Bacon, Francis, 14, 27, 44 Book of History, 26, 43, 44 Canon of Reason and Virtue, 3, Carus, Paul, 3, 21, 81 Chinese Political Thought, gen- Chinese Views on Revolution, 65 City of God, 54 Confucianism, 22, 39, 45, 51; Custom, Mysteriousness of, 43- Dewey, John, 4, 6 note 1, 47 Human Nature, Chinese concept Krabbe, H., 62 note 7 Lao Tzu, 3, 4, 5, 79, 80, 87, 88, Li, 32, 33, 40, 41, 42, 77, 85 Livingstone, R. W., 12 note 2, note 2 Locke, John, 65 Machiavelli, 62 Marvin, F. S., 15 note 5, 60 McDougall, Wm., 75 note 20 Mentality, definition of, 6-10 Natural Law, 55 Nature, Chinese doctrine of, 34- Non-assertion, Lao-Tzu's princi- Paternalism, 67, 68, 69, 72 note Plato, 18, 30, 46 note II, 54, 71 Pollock, Sir Frederick, 63 Reformation, 62 Santayana, George, 5 Sin, absence of idea in Confu- Smith, Arthur, 32, 68, 75 Tagore, Rabindranath, 5 Williams, S. Wells, 32 note 2 |