cult to give a rational conjecture, but it is at least worthy of remark, that more of the coins formed in them, are of later date than the Bactrian kings. Opposite to the village of Darounta, and overhanging the left bank of the Jullalabad river, are the caves of Bahrabad ;-these have been excavated on the plan of a town, but on a smaller scale, there is a charson or meeting of four roads; that running to the north is the longest, and from it, five chambers open, these receive light from apertures immediately overhanging the river, which runs about 100 feet below them; the passage running to the south leads to a Dallán or Hall, which also opens over the river, the passage to the west leads to the river, while that to the east is the general instance to the whole plan. The chambers are all lofty, airy, and well lighted, but the passages are very low and The cave mentioned by Honigberger as the Fil-khana, is a little to the east, and separated from the principal set of caves. The only ant iquity discovered in them, was a small slab of rough reddish marble, about 5 inches square; on this slab was executed in demi-relievo, a pair of human feet, the toes, &c. being all distinctly marked; round the feet, are four Lotuses, one at each angle of the slab executed in bas-relievo. It is said that similar slabs have been found in Ceylon, if so, a presumption may be drawn, that if the caves of Bahrabad do not owe their origin to the Buddhists, they were at least at one time inhabited by them. narrow. R. P. NOTE. The objects given in the annexed plate were presented to the Asiatic Society, with the above memoir by the late Lt. Pigou of the Engineers, through our late V. P. Col. Macleod, in his letter to whom Lt. Pigou writes as follows of the gold box (unfortunately lost,) which was the most valuable in all respects of the remains discovered at Darounta. I have the pleasure herewith to forward two boxes, and some coins taken from the Jullalabad topes; the three boxes, I had previously promised to Dr. Athinem to whom it is now made over, it was similar in shape to the box No.. I, but not quite so large. I regret that the small gold box, with its contents, has been stolen, as it was the greatest curiosity of all, but the precious metal excited the cupidity of my servants, who have made away with it. The marble slab is too heavy to send down by dak, and I have not got it with me; indeed I am not sure that it has not been lost, but it is possible that it may have been left in my hut at Jullalabad. I also send you a rough sketch of the Bahrabad caves, which will give an idea of the place, I am sorry I have not time to make a more elaborate drawing, but must forward it rough, just as it was sketched." The death of the writer of the above, by the premature explosion of a fuse, which he had with equal coolness, and gallantry laid to the gate of a fort in the Bajowur territory, during the recent employment there of Col. Shelton's brigade, has destroyed all hope of the recovery of even the slab. The presence on it, however, of the most unequivocal of Boodhist emblems, obviates all doubt as to the nature of the caves, were there not ample reason for coming to the same conclusion on other grounds. I alluded (As. Soc. Journ. No. 109, p. 97) to the Darounta and Bahrabad discoveries, with reference to those recently made at Kanari by Dr. Bird; the caves of Kanari we know, from the most authentic sources (Travels of the "Chinese Boodhist Priest Ea-Hian." A. D. 399. M. Remusat's Translation) to have been a favorite place of Boodhist pilgrimage; the Boodhist character of those at Bahrabad, is proved by the presence in them of emblem peculiar to Boodh; the topes at Kanari yield an inscribed plate which records the dedication of the place in honor of the most powerful, very wise, and superior Bhagavana Sakya Muni,' while copper urns, a ruby, a pearl, small pieces of gold, and a small gold box, a silver box, and some ashes' were also found there at Bahrabad no inscription is discovered, but the copper coins, and the rock crystal' (types of the wealth of a poorer people) the small gold box in which were placed several pearls with holes drilled through the centre, and some small pieces of what appeared to be bone,' all go to prove that the races, which at points so far apart, have left these traces of their usages, and their religion were equally Boodhist, although the constructors of the Darounta tope would appear to be the ruder, and less wealthy of the two. They are able it is true to deposit gold, but more sparingly; ruby is replaced by common crystal; a stone vase, is used in place of the copper urn, and copper coins supply the bullion of the Kanari tope. The mausolea are evidently those of persons of inferior means, although in the character, and nature of the deposits, we trace an intimate connection with the more gorgeous relics of Manikyala. Mr. Piddington has obliged me, with the following notice of the Darounta vases, and their contents. : 'Both the vases are turned out of a fine-grained potstone, and have the marks of the tool (particularly inside) as fresh upon them as if * Three of my correspondents and contributors in Afghanistan, and among them, not the least valued, Captain E. Conolly, P. B., Lord and Lt. Pigou, were killed in action within the short space of 8 months. made yesterday! The larger one has, beneath its foot, the oblong mortise by which it was secured on the lathe. Their dimensions are as The state of the coins is curious: three of them, Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of the drawing, are completely encrusted with crystalised carbonate of copper, with a few detached scales of a whitish oxide, which may be owing to an arsenical or zinc alloy in the copper? or, to carbonate of lime having penetrated to the coins? though this last seems nearly impossible; they are in very minute quantity, and it would not be worth while to disfigure the relics by picking any off for examination. The remaining three coins Nos. 1, 2, 3, are marked as having been 'found in the box,' and they look so clean that we are inclined to suppose they have been really cleaned; especially, as the metal is much eaten and worn. No. 2, has still traces of the carbonate of copper on its face. No. 3, is the only one which we can suspect of having undergone the action of fire, but the boxes bear no trace of this, and I am inclined to think, that they have not been subjected to it. The rock-crystal ornament requires no particular remark',-beyond, I may add, the peculiar trouble, which has been taken in perforating it; it resembles exactly in size, form, and mode of perforation, the uncut emerald, now universally worn, by native chiefs and gentlemen of rank appended like a drop to the surpéch, or head jewel. The people who could have bestowed so much labour upon so common an object, must have been singularly ignorant of the more precious stones, and I might point to this slight index, as affording some proof that the deposit at Darounta, was made by the first leaders of a new race of conquerors, who subsequently left monuments of their rule, then a more polished, and a wealthier people, in the noble works at Manikyala. There too (As. Soc. Jour., vol. III. p. 563) we see, as on a smaller scale at Kanari, the practice of placing inscriptions in the tope obtained, showing perhaps the progress of science in conjunction with that of wealth. An examination of the coins before us will lead to the ascertainment, with tolerable accuracy, of the date at which the Darounta Topes were constructed. The coins are, No. 1 of Azes : No. 2 is similar to No. 12 (As. Soc. Jour. Vol. III. Pl. XXXIII.) of those found in the Manikyalan Tope by Mons. Court, in so far at least as the figure and attitude of Hercules is concerned; the head on the obverse of the coin is too indistinct to admit of very accurate identification, but I am convinced that the two are similar; Mr. James Prinsep remarked on the difference obtaining between this coin, and the rest of those found with it at Manikyala, and (As. Soc. Jour. Vol. VII. p. 646) he afterwards observes of this coin ; ' on the reverse of the coins of the second Hermaios (or perhaps the third) having a Hercules for the reverse, commences another series of native names following what we have designated the Kadphises, or Kadaphes Group.' It is in fact a coin of Kadaphes, who invading, and subduing the country of the last Hermaios, adopted in part, according to the wont of the barbarians, the effigy of his coins, affording a strong contrast in its classicality, when placed, as at Manikyala, in juxta-position with the peculiar coinage of the Kadphesis and Kanerkis, by whom the types of Grecian domination, were foregone. The presence at Darounta of this coin, (or coins, for No. 3 seems to be a duplicate though indistinct) with those of Azes, goes directly to support the truth of Professor Lassen's Chronological Deductions as respects that King, and his immediate predecessor. 'The coins of Azes,' he observes, are so closely connected with Greek types, that he must undoubtedly be a proximate successor of the Greek Kings, * : he must be considered as a cotemporary of Hermaios.' (Lassen on Bactrian History, As. Soc. Jour. Vol. IX. p. 662.) But Mr. James Prinsep connects Kadaphes with Hermaios; when therefore we find their coins together, as in the instance now before us, the advent of the Saces under Kadaphes, to the destruction of the remains Græco-Bactrian power, and the succession of Azes shortly afterwards, (who founded the great empire of that people) may the more readily be admitted. Professor Lassen gives the following dates, about which we may assign the period of the construction of the Darounta Tope. ** The Græcian Empire of Hermaios subdued by Kadaphes about 120 B. C. 116 B. C. 90 B. C. I need hardly add that to Kadhpises (a Parthian) Professor Lassen assigns a reign about 100. A. D. subsequent to the expulsion by Vikramaditya of Malwa of the Saces, from the countries along the Indus, A. D. . 56, and a re-invasion of the land by new hordes of conquerors. The coin No. 4 is so much disfigured by oxidation, that the artist, who, in the plate before us, tried for the first time the difficult task of delineating on paper the semi-defaced design of a coin utterly new to him, has been a little misled. It is simply, like Nos. 5 and 6, the ordinary mounted horseman with outstretched arm to the left, and fillets depending from the head. The only coin in tolerable preservation is No. 1. Report on Productions and Manufactures in the district of Hunumkoondah, in the dominion of H. H. the Nizam of Hyderabad. By A. M. WALKER ESQ. M. D., Assistant Surgeon. Communicated from the Political Secretariat, Government of India. On the 12th instant, I had the honor of reporting my arrival at Hunumkoondah, since that time I have been employed in observing and noting the most important facts in reference to the object for which I am employed, and particularly in making inquiries respecting the production and manufactures in this part of the Nizam's dominions. As far as I could, I have trusted little to mere oral information, but have endeavoured to authenticate by actual observation, whatever appeared to me interesting or useful in nature or in art. The face of the country in this neighbourhood presents a striking similarity to that in the vicinity of Hyderabad. Here are the same rounded, dark colored, herbless eminences, solitary, or in groups of considerable range, rising to the height of three or four hundred feet with the same ruinous appearance of the lower hills, and the fantastic piling of one boulder of rock on another. The tank, with its mound of earth or masonry and the sheet of verdure which it nourishes and maintains, serve to complete the resemblance of general form and outline, nor does a more minute examination detect many decrepancies. The surface rock, throughout, is granite, usually of a greyish colour, but varying from a dingey white to a reddish and more rarely to a blackish hue, according to the colour and predominance of each of its constituent parts, quartz, felspar and hornblende. Where quartz is prevalent, the rock is close grained and compact, with little tendency to wear, while on the other hand the most superficial examination will shew that the excess of the two last, and more particularly of the felspar, is the certain cause of decay. In one locality in the village of Nagwazum, five miles to the north of this, so abundant is the homblende and felspar, to the exclusion of quartz in several specimens of the rocks, that they might be called sienitic |