attack them openly; and they were at last killed, while asleep, and their heads carried to Goolab Singh, who ordered them to be suspended on the crest of the Bheembur pass. The next day I crossed the 'Kumaon Gosha' mountains, or sharp ridged bow,' the fange being narrow at the top and bent at each end like a bow. Thence passing through the Serais of Noshehra, Inayutpoora, Chungez, and Muradpoor, I reached Rajaoree on the 8th of September. The Rajah was very atten tive and communicative, and I received much interesting information from him. I also procured a history of the country, and some orders by Aurungzebe, and Nadir Shah; besides a copy of a grant of the Rajaoree territory, by Bahadoor Shah; since then the territory has been seized bit by bit by the Jummoo family, until only a small circle of 20 miles diameter now remains to the present Rajah.

In the grant given by Bahadoor Shah, the revenue of Rajasore is stated to be 77,77,960 dáms, equivalent to 27,799 Rupees, which with the Customs collected, must have been increased to 50,000 rupees. The territory now is about one fourth of what it was at that time, A. D. 1708, and the Customs have nearly ceased, as the Sikhs give free passes for all their own merchandize; the present revenue cannot therefore be more than 10,000 rupees, which was the sum stated to me by many respectable natives.

The chief crops in Rajaoree were rice and maize; the maize invariably occupies the higher grounds, and the rice fields the level alluvial formations along the river; these were kept constantly flooded by streams conducted along the hill sides from the neighbouring torrents. of the city, 2,800 feet.

Height

The hills between Bheembur and Rutun Punjall are all of a coarse greyish sandstone, alternating with loose gravelly conglomerates near Bheembur, and gradually changing into a siliceous state in the Rutun Punjall range,-at the foot of which there are large blocks of conglomerate in compact masses cemented firmly together.

I left Rajaoree on the 10th of September, and after an easy march of eight miles over a stony road, I reached Thunna;-from whence to the crest of the Rutun Punjall the road was good, but steep. The crest of the pass, I found to be 7,350 feet in height; from whence there was a noble and extensive view, over the low hills of Rajaoree, of the distant plains of the Punjab. From thence the descent was through a thickly wooded forest of walnut, elm, horse chesnut, and pine trees to the bank of the Bahramgulla river, which I crossed by a bridge, and proceeding up one of its tributaries, I halted at Chundee-murg. Rain had fallen heavily for some days previously, and the small stream had swept away

all its bridges, so that I had some difficulty in making the numerous crossings, which the road took. One of my goats was swept away by the rapidity of the current. The ascent of the Peer Punjall was extremely steep, but the road was good and wide, having been repaired by order of the Sikh Government. My thermometer gave 11,224 feet as the height of the crest of Peer Punjall Pass. From thence the road was a gradual descent for 2 miles to the Serai Aliabad, built by Ali Murdan Khan; height 9,812 feet. A little below Aliabad the road was narrow, but quite safe, a parapet wall having been built on its outer edge overhanging the torrent below. The place is called Lala Ghulam, after a slave who superintended the work, and whom Ali Murdan is said to have afterwards sacrificed and buried there. Beyond that, the road was good and broad, occasionally ascending and descending to an open piece of ground, called Doojan, below which I crossed the torrent and proceeded along a level pathway to the Serai of Heerpoor. The next day I passed through Shoopyen, and crossed the Shoopyen river, reached Ramoo ke Serai, where I halted; and the next day, 15th of September, I entered Kashmere city, having been three months and two days from Simla.

The city of Kashmere is situated on both sides of the river Behut, at an elevation of 5,046 feet above the sea. I am aware that Baron Hugel made the height 6,300 feet, but Jacquemont calls it 5,246, and Moorcroft says, that the general level of the valley is about 5,000 feet. It is of an irregular shape, the greater part being on the right bank of the river; about one fourth of the houses are deserted; but the city must still contain about 80,000 inhabitants.

The information which I have collected regarding Kashmere is not yet completely arranged, so that I cannot give any general results. I may state, however, that I have a list of all the villages in the valley; a minute account of all the passes, including those which are used only for contraband trade; the history of the Shawl Wool from its first starting from Radakh and Khantan (or Changtang) to its arrival in Kashmere, where it is spun into thread, dyed, and woven into Shawls. I have besides ten or twelve specimens of Kashmerian songs translated into English verse; and a very good collection of the coins of the Hindoo Rajahs of Kashmere preceding the Mussulman conquest.

Additions made to the Geography.

I will conclude with stating the additions, which the joint travels of Lieutenant Broome and myself have made to the Geography of the Alpine Punjab.

Of the Sutluj.

1. The whole course of the Spiti river, one of the principal branches of the Sutluj, has been surveyed by Lieut. Broome.

Of the Beeas.

2. The whole course of the Teerthun river, one of the principal feeders of the Beeas, has been jointly surveyed as well as the Beeas river itself, from its source to its junction of the Teerthun river, in addition to which, the mountain course of the Chukkee river has been laid down by Lieut. Cunningham.

Of the Ravee.

3. The whole course of the Nye river, with a portion of the Boodhil river, and also of the upper Ravee, with the further course of the Ravee, after the junction of the Nye and Boodhil rivers as far as Chumba, have been surveyed by Lieutenant Cunningham.

Of the Chenab.

4. The whole course of the Bhaga river, has been surveyed by Lieutenant Broome; the source of the Chundra by the same officer, and the greater part of its course jointly by Lieutenants Broome and Cunningham; and the course of the joint stream of the Chundra Bhaga, as far as Triloknath, by Lieutenant Cunningham. The greater part of the course of the Tohi river, a principal feeder of the Chenab, has likewise been surveyed by the same officer.

Of the Thelum.

The Shoopyen river, which rises in the Peer Punjall, has been surveyed by Lieutenant Cunningham.

Of the Indus.

The source of the Yunam Choo, or Yunam river, a large tributary of the Indus, has been laid down by Lieutenant Broome..

(Signed) ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM.

Lucknow, 8th February, 1841.

1st Lieutenant of Engineers.

Extracts from Demi-Official Reports.-By Capt. ARTHUR CONOLLY on a Mission into Khorasan, (communicated to the Editor from the Political Secretariat.)

The Huzarah and Eimauk Country which we traversed between Bameean and Meimunna, consists of high unwooded mountains, covered with grass and various shrubs and herbs which serve for spring and summer pasture, and winter fodder, and vallies at different elevations, in the highest of which is grown only the naked Thibetan barley, and in the lowest barley, wheat, and millet.

The Huzarah portion is the coldest and poorest, and the natives with difficulty eke out a living from its natural resources; living in small villages of low huts where they herd during the long winter season under one roof with their cows and sheep, and using as fuel small dry shrubs and the dung of their cattle. An idea of their privations may be formed from the fact that the most of the people do not use salt. There is none in their own country, and as they cannot afford the price which would remunerate importers of this heavy article from Tartary and Afghanistan, they have learned to do without it. Their best bread is consequently very tasteless to a stranger.

But the Huzarahs are not allowed to enjoy even their limited means of existence in peace, for the Oosbegs make occasional inroads upon their dwelling places, and sweep away whole villages into slavery, leaving fertile spots desolate. Their neighbours, but religious enemies, the Eimauks, also carry off as many of them as they can, from time to time, conquer or kidnap, and the chiefs of their own race, steal each other's subjects in their petty wars, exporting all they can thus obtain, through Toorkish merchants with whom they have understanding.

We found the Huzarah people unblushing beggars and thieves, but they are mild mannered and industrious, and sigh for the protection of a settled government. Were this given to them, their condition would soon improve in every way. Their chiefs are barbarians of the rudest stamp, without any of the barbarous virtues.' They reside in small mud forts, exact as much as they can from all who come within their reach, and form occasional combinations for the defence or attack of each other. The Eimauks differ chiefly from the Huzarahs in being of a more nomade habit, the chiefs consult their dignity and safety, by dwelling in mud forts, but the people reside nearly the whole year in the dry stick and felt tents which are used by the Toorkmans. The chiefs, like

the Huzarah meers, have their feuds, which continually break them up into parties against each other. The people are bolder than the long oppressed Huzarahs, and will get together to attack travellers whom they would rather only attempt to rob privately.

The Soldiers of both tribes are cavalry, mounted chiefly on small active horses of native breed, though some ride horses imported from Toorkistan. Their arms are swords, and matchlocks, the last weapon furnished with a prong for a rest. There are clans of military repute among both people. Their strength lies in the poorness and natural difficulty of their country, but the last defence is I imagine greatly overrated. Parts of the interior are described as much more steep than that which we traversed, but this portion, which is the most important, as being on the high road to Herat, is by no means so inaccessible as it has been represented.

Neither among Huzarahs or Eimauks is money current, and sheep form the prime standard of barter with the traders who come among them from Afghanistan, and Tartary. These Merchants establish a friendly understanding with chiefs of different districts, to whose forts they repair and open shop, giving their hosts 2 yards of Kerbus, or coarse narrow cotton cloth, for the value of each sheep received in barter; and being furnished till their bargains are concluded, with straw for their beasts, and generally bread for themselves and their people. Traders from Herat, Candahar and Cabul bring their checked turbans, coarse cotton cloths and chintzes, tobacco, felt, and carpet dyes, iron spades, and plough ends, molasses and a few raisins. Toorkish Merchants bring similar articles from their own country, with a little rice, cotton, and salt, occasionally horses, which they prefer to exchange for slaves.

The articles which the Huzurahs and Eimauks bring to market, are men and women, small black oxen, cows, and sheep, clarified butter, some woven wollens for clothing, grain sacks and carpet bags, felts for horse clothing, and patterned carpets, all made from the produce of their flocks, for they export no raw wool. They also furnish lead and sulphur, and the Eimauks especially speak of copper and silver mines as existing in their mountains, but they do not work them.

Agha Hoossein, a Native of Herat, who had long traded among the the Huzarah, and Eimauk clans, occupying our route between Bameean and the border of Meimunna, negotiated our passage with a safe guard the whole way for 1,200 Rupees, and we marched with him from Bameean on the 23rd September 1840, escorted by 80 Huzarahs under a son of Meer Sadik Beg, a leading chief in the district of Deb Nangre. Our road