has been translated into English, 2 vols. 8vo, and Dutch, and has long been esteemed an able confutation of infidel principles. The abbé Houteville, a steady Catholic, gives it the following character: "The most shining of these treatises in defence of the Christian religion, which were published by the Protestants, is that written by Mr. Abbadie. The favourable reception it obtained, the almost unexampled praise it received on the publication, the universal approbation it still preserves, render it unnecessary for me to join my commendations, which would add so little to the merit of so great an author. He has united in this book all our controversies with the infidels. In the first part, he combats the Atheists; the Deists in the second; and the Socinians in the third. Philosophy and theology enter happily into his manner of composing, which is in the true method, lively, pure, and elegant,. especially in the first books." 4. 66 Reflexions sur la Presence réelle du Corps de Jesus Christ dans l'Eucharistie,' Hague, 1685, 12mo, and Rotterdam, 1713, but both editions so erroneous as to induce the author to disown them. 5. "Traité de la Divinitie de notre Seigneur Jesus Christ," Rotterdam, 1689, 8vo. A translation of this was published about the year 1777, by the Rev. Abraham Booth, a dissenting clergyman. in London. 6. "L'art de se Connoitre Soimeme; ou, la recherche des Sources de la Morale," Rotterdam, 1692, 12mo. An edition of this excellent treatise was published at Lyons in 1693, in which all the passages in favour of the Protestant religion are left out. 7. "Defence de la Nation Britannique," &c. London, 1692, 8vo. This defence of the Revolution in England was in answer to Mr. Bayle's "Avis important." 8. "Panegyrique de Marie reine d'Angleterre," Hague, 1695, 4to. 9. "Histoire de la Conspiration derniere d'Angleterre," &c. Lond. 1698, 8vo, reprinted in Holland, and translated into English, but at present a very scarce book. It regards what was called the Assassination-plot, and was written by order of king William III.; the original papers and documents were furnished by the earl of Portland, and sir William Trumball, secretary of state. 10. "La Verité de la Religion Reformée," Rotterdam, 1718, 2 vols. 8vo. Dr. Henry Lambert, bishop of Dromore, translated this work for the instruction of the Roman Catholics in his diocese. 11. "Letriomphe de la Providence et de la Religion, en l'ouverture des Sept Sceaux par le Fils de Dieu," &c. Amsterdam,

1723, 4 vols. 12mo. In this commentary on the Revelations, for such it is, the author has been supposed more inclining to conjecture and fancy than in his other works. Besides these he revised, in 1719, the French translation of the Common Prayer, and published some single sermons and small tracts'.

ABBAS (Halli), or Ali Ebnol Abbas, as Abulpharagius calls him in his Hist. Dyn. or, as he is usually called, Magus, as being one of the Magi, the followers of Zaradusht or Zoroaster; and not for his learning, as the learned Dr. Freind supposes. He was a Persian physician, and studied under Abu Maher, another Persian doctor, who probably was of the Magian religion also; he wrote his book, or Royal Work, at the request of Bowaia the son of Adado'ddaula the calif, to whom he dedicates it in the oriental manner, in lofty hyperbolical language, about A. D. 980. It was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch in 1127, in which language we have two editions, Venice 1492, and Leyden 1523, fol. There is an Arabic MS copy in 4 vols. folio in the Leyden library, which was brought by James Golius from the East.

ABBATI (NICOLO), an eminent historical painter, was born at Modena in 1512, and was the scholar of Antonio Beggarelli, a Modenese sculptor, whose models Correggio is said to have often made use of for his works. Little is known of his progress at Modena, except that, in partnership with his fellow-scholar Alberto Fontana, he painted the pannels of the Butchers hall in that place; and at the age of thirty-five, for the church of the Benedictines, the celebrated picture of the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, now in the Dresden gallery: with some fresco paintings, drawn from Ariosto and Virgil, in the palace Scandiano. Of his works at Bologna, tradition has left a very distinguished account, though little or nothing exists of them now but the large symbolic picture in the Via di St. Mamolo; a nativity of Crist, under the portico of the Leoni palace; and fourrsation pieces and concertos, of exquisite taste, in the Academical Institute, which have been engraved. Notwithstanding the innate vigour, the genial facility, and independent style of this artist, he owes his fame, in a great measure, to his coalition with Francisco Primaticcio, and to his happy execution of the Biog. Britan. Niceron.

? Freind's Hist. of Physic.-Mangeti Bibl. in art. Haly.-Fabric. Bibl, Græc.

designs of that great master, particularly the frescoes he painted in the galleries and apartments at Fountainbleau. These, however, being destroyed in 1738, to make room for a new fabric, nothing remains but a few pictures of the history of Alexander. Some of the others were engraved. The period of his death is not known'.

ABBATIUS (BALDUS ANGELUS), a physician, a native of Eugubio, a man who is said to have surmounted the prejudices of his age, and wrote: 1. "De admirabili Viperæ natura, et de mirificis ejusdem facultatibus," of which there are four editions, 1589-1660. 2. "Discussæ concertationes de Rebus, Verbis, et Sententiis controversis,' Pisaur. 1594, 4to. There is no account of his death?.

ABBO (CERNUUS), a monk of St. Germain-des-Pres, was the author of a poetical relation of the siege of Paris by the Normans and Danes towards the end of the 9th century. He was himself of Normandy, and an eye-witness; and if not eminent as a poet, is at least a faithful and minute historian. His poem consists of twelve hundred verses, in two books, and has been admitted into Pithou's and Duchesne's collections; but a more correct edition, with notes, and a French translation, may be seen in the "Nouvelles Annales de Paris," published by D. Toussaint Duplessis, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, 1753, 4to. There are also "Five select Sermons" under his name in vol. IX. of D'Acheri's Spicilegium; and in vol. V. Bibl. P. P. Colon. 1618, is “Abbonis Epistola ad Desiderium episc." There was originally a third book to his History of the siege, addressed "to the Clergy," which his editors omitted as having no connexion with the history3.

ABBO (FLORIACENSIS), or Abbot of Fleuri, a Benedictine monk of the tenth century, was born in the territory of Orleans, and educated in the abbey of Fleuri, and afterwards at Paris and Rheims, where he distinguished himself in all the learning of the times, and particularly in mathematics, theology, and history. Oswald, bishop of Worcester, in 985, applied to the abbey of Fleuri to obtain a proper person to preside over the abbey of Ramsay, which he had founded, or rather re-established. Abbo was sent over to England for this purpose, and much caressed by king Ethelred and the nobility. Returning to Fleuri upon

1 Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters by Fuseli, in art. Abbati, and p. 684. 2 Dict. Hist. 1810.-Manget. Biblioth.

3 Vossius de Hist. Lat,-Cave, vol. II.—Fabric. Bibl. Lat, Med. Ætat.-Dict. Hist. Saxii Onomast.

the death of the abbot, he was declared his successor. Here he experienced many vexations from some of the bishops, against whom he asserted the rights of the monastic order. His enemies charged him with some acrimony against his persecutors. In his justification, he wrote an apology, which he addressed to the kings Hugh and Robert. Some time afterwards he dedicated to the samẹ princes a collection of canons on the duties of kings and the duties of subjects. King Robert, having sent him to Rome to appease the wrath of Gregory V. who had threatened to lay the kingdom under an interdict, the pope granted him all he requested. Abbo, on his return from this expedition, set about the reform of the abbey of Reole in Gascony. He was here slain in a quarrel that rose between the French and the Gascons, in 1004. His works are: 1. "Epitome de vitis Pontificum," taken from Anastasius Bibliothecarius, and published with an edition of that author by Busæus, Mentz, 1602, 4to. 2. "Vita S. Edmundi Anglorum Orientalium regis & martyris," printed in Surius' Lives of the Saints. There is a MS, of it in the Cottonian Library. 3. "Collectio, seu epitome Canonum," printed by Mabillon. 4. Epistola ad abbatem Fuldensem," in Baluze's Miscellanies, 1678, 8vo. 5. "Letters to Hugh, king of France, to St. Bernard, Gregory," &c. and his Apology, are inserted whole, or in fragments, in his Life by Aimonius, a monk of Fleuri, and his pupil'.

*

ABBOT (GEORGE), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Guildford, in Surrey, Oct. 29, 1562, the son of Maurice Abbot, a clothworker in that town, and Alice March, who, having been sufferers by the persecution in queen Mary's reign, educated their children in a steady zeal for the Protestant religion. George was sent, with his elder brother Robert, to the free-school of Guildford, where he was educated under Mr. Francis Taylor, and in 1578 was entered of Baliol college, Oxford. On April 31, 1582, he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and Nov. 29, 1583, was elected probationer fellow of his college. After taking his master's degree, Dec. 17, 1535, he entered into holy orders, became a celebrated preacher in the Univer

* Aubrey, in his Autiquities of Surrey, bas a ridiculous story, that when Mrs. Abbot was pregnant with this son, she dreamt that if she could eat a jack, or pike, the child would prove a son,

and rise to great preferment. She did catch a jack, and had thus an odd opportunity of fulfilling her dreain,” Aubrey's Surrey, vol. III. p. 281.

1 Cave Hist. Lit. vol. II.-Vossius.Fabricius Bibl. Gr. & Lat.--Saxii Onumast.-Dict. Hist. 1810.-Gen. Diet.

sity, and was sometime chaplain to Thomas lord Buckhurst. In 1593, March 4, he commenced bachelor of divinity, and proceeded doctor of that faculty May 9, 1597. On September 6 he was elected master of University college, to which he afterwards proved a benefactor. About this time some differences took place between him and Dr. Laud, which subsisted as long as they lived.

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In 1598 he published his "Quæstiones Sex," which obtained him great reputation. On March 6, 1599, he was installed dean of Winchester, and in 1600 was appointed vice-chancellor of Oxford, and while in this office decided a dispute which at that time engaged the attention of the public, respecting the repairing of the cross in Cheapside, which was ornamented with Popish images. The citizens of London requested the advice of both Universities; and Dr. Abbot, as vice-chancellor of Oxford, gave as his opinion, that the crucifix with the dove upon it should not be put up again. Dr. Bancroft, bishop of London, was of a different opinion; but Dr. Abbot's advice was followed, as expressed in a letter printed many years after. He published, the same year, his Sermons on the Prophet Jonah. In 1693 he was again chosen vice-chancellor; and in 1604, when king James ordered the new translation of the Bible, he was one of the eight divines of Oxford to whom the translation of the historical books of the New Testament was committed. In 1605 he was a third time vice-chancellor; and, in the succeeding year, he is thought to have had some share in the censures passed on Laud, on account of a sermon he preached before the University. The principles of the two men were continually at variance, Abbot being a rigid Calvinist, and a foe to every thing that had the appearance of Popery, and Laud equally strenuous for the opinions afterwards known by the name of Arminian, and a friend to the ceremonies and splendour of public worship.

In 1608, on the death of his patron, lord Buckhurst, earl of Dorset, he became chaplain to George Hume, earl of Dunbar, and treasurer of Scotland; and went home with him, in order to establish an union between the Churches of England and Scotland. King James's object was to restore the antient form of government by bishops; and, notwithstanding the aversion of the people of Scotland to this measure, Dr. Abbot's skill, prudence, and moderation succeeded so far as to procure an